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Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review (Delmar's Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review) PDF

626 Pages·2011·12 MB·English
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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd ii 25/02/11 3:40 PM Pharmacy Technician Certifi cation Exam Review 3rd Edition by Lorraine C. Zentz, CPhT, PhD. Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd i 25/02/11 3:40 PM Pharmacy Technician Certifi cation © 2012, 2004, 2000 Delmar, Cengage Learning Exam Review, 3rd Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Lorraine C. Zentz, CPhT, PhD. may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Vice President, Editorial: Dave Garza graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Director of Learning Solutions: Matthew Kane or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Senior Acquisitions Editor: Tari Broderick Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde written permission of the publisher. Associate Product Manager: Meghan E. Orvis For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Editorial Assistant: Ian J. Lewis Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Director: Wendy Mapstone submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Senior Marketing Manager: Michele McTighe Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Associate Marketing Manager: [email protected] Jonathan Sheehan Marketing Coordinator: Scott Chrysler Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920072 Production Director: Carolyn Miller ISBN-13: 978-1-4283-2062-8 Production Manager: Andrew Crouth ISBN-10: 1-4283-2062-8 Senior Content Project Manager: Kenneth McGrath Delmar 5 Maxwell Drive Senior Art Director: Jack Pendleton Clifton park, NY 12065-2919 Technology Project Manager: Brain Davis USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com NOTICE TO THE READER Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fi tness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd ii 25/02/11 3:40 PM Contents Preface ix About the PCTB Examination xv Section I Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients  PART A: FILLING THE MEDICATION ORDER 3 Chapter  Receiving the Medication Order  The Retail Medication Order 6 The Written Prescription Order 6 Adding Information to the Prescription Form 10 Authentication and Clarifi cation of the Prescription Order 11 Accepting Refi ll Requests 11 Refi ll Authorizations 12 Prescriptions for Schedule II (Controlled Substance) Drugs 12 Receiving Prescriptions by Electronic Means 13 The Institutional Pharmacy 13 Comparison of Medication Orders in Retail and Institutional Settings 17 Chapter Review Questions 18 Chapter  Processing the Medication Order  The Dosage Form 21 Administering the Drug—The Route of Administration 26 Interpreting the Prescription Order 29 Dispensing the Correct Medication 33 Automated Unit Dose Delivery Systems 34 Comparison of Drug Dispensing in Retail and Institutional Settings 35 Chapter Review Questions 35 Chapter  Preparation and Utilization of the Patient Profi le  The Patient Profi le 38 Comparison of Patient Profi les in Institutional and Retail Settings 42 Chapter Review Questions 43 iii 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd iii 25/02/11 3:40 PM iv Contents Chapter  Handling Medications  Obtaining the Correct Medication from Inventory 46 Choosing the Proper Container for Dispensing 51 Properly Labeling the Container 52 Compounding of Prescriptions 54 Intravenous Admixtures and Injections 57 Chapter Review Questions 58 Chapter  Proper Storage and Delivery of Drug Products  Proper Storage of Drug Products 60 Dosage Forms and Drug Stability 61 Determining the Proper Storage Conditions for a Drug 62 Importance of Proper Packaging and Labeling 64 Importance of Cleanliness and Sanitation During Storage 65 Preparation of Unit Doses 65 Chapter Review Questions 68 Chapter  Receiving Payment for Goods and Services  Receipt of Payment for Pharmacy Services 70 Calculation of the Price of the Medication 72 Profi t and Markup 72 Chapter Review Questions 72 PART B: PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS 75 Chapter  Fractions, Decimals, and Algebra Review  Using Fractions 77 Use of Algebra in Pharmaceutical Calculations 83 Rounding Numbers 84 Using Roman Numerals 84 Chapter Review Questions 86 Chapter  Systems of Measurement  Common Systems of Measurement 89 International Units and Milliequivalents 90 Converting between Systems of Measurement 91 Chapter Review Questions 94 Chapter  Using Percentages and Ratios  Percentage: A Unit of Measure Expressed in Parts per 100 96 Using Drug Concentrations Expressed as a Ratio 100 Chapter Review Questions 102 Chapter  Measuring Equipment  Types of Measurement 105 Measuring Solids 109 Chapter Review Questions 111 Chapter  Conversion of Solid Dosage Forms  Dosage Conversion—Solid Dosage Forms 113 Converting between Measurement Systems 116 Chapter Review Questions 117 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd iv 25/02/11 3:40 PM Contents v Chapter  Conversion of Liquid Dosage Forms  Converting between Liquid and Solid Dosage Forms 118 Chapter Review Questions 122 Chapter  Pediatric Dosages  Computation of Doses on the Basis of Body Weight or Surface Area 124 Computation of Dose by Body Surface Area (BSA) 125 Safe Dosages 128 Chapter Review Questions 130 Chapter  Parenteral Dosages  Parenteral Dosage Forms 132 Calculation of Parenteral Doses 132 Proper Dilution of Drugs for Injection 134 Chapter Review Questions 136 Chapter  Intravenous Calculations  Preparing Intravenous Medication for Administration 137 Chapter Review Questions 141 Chapter  Intravenous Admixtures  Infusing Medications Over Time—The IV Drip and Admixture 143 Chapter Review Questions 146 Chapter  Calculation of Dose per Time  Calculation of Drug Dose as a Function of Time 148 Chapter Review Questions 152 Chapter  Compounding  Compounding Drugs by Procedure 154 Reducing and Enlarging Formulas 155 Making Preparations by Percentage 156 Making Solutions by Percentage 157 Chapter Review Questions 157 Chapter  Commercial Calculations  Cost and Markup 159 Chapter Review Questions 161 Chapter  Math Test with Solutions  PART C: PHARMACOLOGY 171 Chapter  Introduction to Pharmacology  Introduction 173 Form vs. Use—Recognizing Various Forms of a Generic Drug 173 Proprietary Drug Nomenclature 174 Understanding the Pharmacology of Chemotherapeutic Agents 175 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd v 25/02/11 3:40 PM vi Contents Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics—What Happens to the Drug After It Is Administered? 176 Drug Clearance and Drug Elimination 179 The Adverse Effect Profi le 181 Drug-Drug Interactions 182 Drug-Drug Interactions—Competition for Drug Clearance 184 Additive, Synergistic, and Antagonistic Effects 188 Blood Laboratory Values 192 Chapter Review Questions 193 Chapter  Central Nervous System Agents  Antidepressants 196 Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 198 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Migraine Headaches 203 Tricyclic Antidepressants 203 Tetracyclic Antidepressants 207 Heterocyclic Antidepressants 208 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 209 Unclassifi ed Antidepressants 211 Sedative Hypnotics 211 Drugs Used for Anxiety 215 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Insomnia and Sleep Disorders 216 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Seizures 218 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease 234 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Schizophrenia (Antipsychotics) 236 Chapter Review Questions 243 Chapter  Pain Management Agents: Nonsteroidal Anti-Infl ammatory Drugs and Narcotics  Drugs Used in the Therapy of Pain and Infl ammation 247 Nonsteroidal Pain Relievers 251 Narcotic Analgesics 252 Chapter Review Questions 259 Chapter  Cardiovascular System Agents  Drugs That Affect the Cardiovascular System 262 Drugs That Affect the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 263 Drugs Used to Decrease Fluid Volume (Diuretics) 287 Drugs That Affect the Blood and Blood Clotting 293 Chapter Review Questions 295 Chapter  Pulmonary Agents  Asthma 298 Chapter Review Questions 305 Chapter  Antibiotics and Anti-Infectives  Antibiotics and Anti-infectives 308 Cephalosporin Antibiotics 314 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd vi 25/02/11 3:40 PM Contents vii Drugs That Are Effective against Viruses and Fungi 327 Antiretroviral Drugs (Used in the Therapy of AIDS) 328 Chapter Review Questions 331 Chapter  Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents  Introduction 335 Choice of Therapy 335 Major Chemotherapeutic Drugs, by Class 337 Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Drugs 343 Pyrimidine Antagonists 344 Drugs Used in Combination with Cancer Chemotherapy 356 Drugs Used in the Therapy of Emesis 357 Chapter Review Questions 358 Chapter  Gastrointestinal System Agents  Histamine (H2) Receptor Antagonists 361 Proton Pump Inhibitors 363 Chapter Review Questions 368 Chapter  Endocrine System and Reproductive System Agents  The Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus 372 Therapy of Type I Diabetes 372 Drugs That Affect the Reproductive System 382 Chapter Review Questions 386 Chapter  Vitamins  Water-Soluble Vitamins 390 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 393 Chapter Review Questions 396 Chapter  Pharmacology Review  PART D: PHARMACY LAW 405 Chapter  State and Federal Regulations  The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 408 The Controlled Substances Act 411 The Federal Hazardous Substances Act 413 The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 416 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 417 Chapter Review Questions 420 Chapter  State and Federal Regulatory Agencies  Federal Regulatory Agencies 424 Regulation at the Institutional Level 428 Chapter Review Questions 429 Chapter  Law and Ethics in the Practice of Pharmacy  Receiving Prescriptions 432 Verifying the Prescription 433 Prescriptions Generated by Electronic Means 434 20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd vii 25/02/11 3:40 PM viii Contents Drug Refi lls 435 Controlled Substance Registration 435 Handling Controlled Substances 436 Liability and Ethics 437 Chapter Review Questions 438 Section II Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems  Chapter  Stocking the Pharmacy  The Drug Formulary 443 Ordering and Receipt of Drug Products and Devices 445 Ordering Controlled Substances (Schedule Drugs) 447 Chapter Review Questions 447 Chapter  Maintenance of Pharmaceutical Products  Maintenance of Drug Products in Inventory 449 Proper Storage Conditions and Expiration Dates 450 Handling Expired Medications and Drug Recalls 451 Classifi cation of Drug Recalls 452 Drug Recapture and Disposal 452 Chapter Review Questions 453 Section III Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice  Chapter  Using Computers in the Pharmacy  The Components of a Computer 458 Use of Computers in Pharmacy Practice 459 Chapter Review Questions 461 Chapter  Communications within the Pharmacy  Role of the Pharmacist in Communication 465 Chapter Review Questions 468 Appendix A Top  Frequently Prescribed Drugs  Appendix B Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations  Appendix C Pretest with Answers  Appendix D Sample Examination and Answer Sheet  Appendix E Solutions to the Chapter Review Questions  Glossary  Suggested Reading  Index  20628_fm_ptg01_i-xx.indd viii 25/02/11 3:40 PM

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