Pharmacotherapy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders

460 Pages·2012·3.06 MB·English

by  David Rosenberg

P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Pharmacotherapy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Disorders
i
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Pharmacotherapy of
Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Disorders
EDITED BY
David R. Rosenberg MD
MiriamL.HamburgerEndowedChairofChildPsychiatryandProfessor&ChiefofChild
PsychiatryandPsychologyatWayneStateUniversityandtheChildren’sHospitalofMichigan,
Detroit,MI,USA
Samuel Gershon MD
EmeritusProfessorofPsychiatry,UniversityofPittsburgh,PA,USA
THIRD EDITION
FOREWORD BY NEAL RYAN MD
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
iii
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,
TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing.
Registeredoffice:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor
permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat
www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththe
UKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptas
permittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrand
namesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregistered
trademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendor
mentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationin
regardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin
renderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa
competentprofessionalshouldbesought.
Thecontentsofthisworkareintendedtofurthergeneralscientificresearch,understanding,anddiscussion
onlyandarenotintendedandshouldnotberelieduponasrecommendingorpromotingaspecific
method,diagnosis,ortreatmentbyphysiciansforanyparticularpatient.Thepublisherandtheauthor
makenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthis
workandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesoffitness
foraparticularpurpose.Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmental
regulations,andtheconstantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofmedicines,equipment,anddevices,
thereaderisurgedtoreviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsfor
eachmedicine,equipment,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationof
usageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Readersshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.
ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotential
sourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformation
theorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbe
awarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthiswork
waswrittenandwhenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyanypromotionalstatements
forthiswork.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Pharmacotherapyofchildandadolescentpsychiatricdisorders/[editedby]DavidRosenbergand
SamuelGershon.–3rded.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-97376-9(cloth)
I.Rosenberg,DavidR.II.Gershon,Samuel.
[DNLM: 1.PsychotropicDrugs–therapeuticuse. 2.Adolescent. 3.Child. 4.MentalDisorders–drug
therapy. 5.Psychotropic
Drugs–pharmacology.QV77.2]
LCclassificationnotassigned
618.92(cid:2)8918–dc23
2011029295
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDF9781119958321;
WileyOnlineLibrary9781119958338;ePub9781119961000;Mobi9781119961017
Setin9.5/13ptMeridienbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
FirstImpression2012
iv
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
ToJ,Isa,theHensterandFoo—thereasonsIsmileinsideandout.
DavidR.Rosenberg
v
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Contents
ListofContributors,xv
Foreword,xix
Chapter1 HistoricalPerspectivesonChildandAdolescent
Psychopharmacology,1
SamuelGershon
References,4
Chapter2 PharmacoepidemiologyofPsychotropic
MedicationsinYouth,7
DanielJ.Safer&JulieMagnoZito
Introduction,7
PrevalenceandtrendsformedicationsprescribedforADHD,8
NonstimulantmedicationsforADHD,11
Antidepressantmedication,11
Antipsychoticmedication,13
Alpha-agonists,14
Anticonvulsant“moodstabilizers”,15
Concomitantpsychotropicmedication,15
Preschoolpsychotropicmedicationuse,17
Internationalpatternsofpsychotropicmedicationforyouth,17
Conclusion,18
References,18
Chapter3 Off-LabelPrescribingofDrugsinChildand
AdolescentPsychiatry,25
C.LindsayDeVane
Introduction,25
Extentofoff-labelprescribing,27
vii
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
viii Contents
Needforpsychoactivedrugtreatmentsforchildrenand
adolescents,31
Legislationsupportingpediatricdrugdevelopment,33
Recommendationstofollowwhenconsideringoff-label
prescribing,35
References,36
Chapter4 TheUseofGenericDrugsinPediatric
Psychopharmacology,39
RichardI.Shader&Christopher-PaulMilne
Whatisagenericdrug?,39
Whyarewediscussinggenericdrugs?,39
Basicrequirementsforgenericdrugs,40
Thestatusofregulationsregardinggenericdrugsandchildren,41
Abbreviatednewdrugapplication(ANDA)requirements,42
Pediatricassessmentsofadultdrugs(historyupto
currentstatus),43
BestPharmaceuticalsforChildrenAct,44
PediatricResearchEquityAct,45
Intersectionofrequirementsforgenericsandpediatric
assessment,46
Futuredirections,48
Concludingthoughts,49
References,49
Chapter5 PsychoactiveDrugUseinChildren:BasicConcepts
inClinicalPharmacology,51
DavidJ.Edwards
Introduction,51
Basicconceptsinpharmacokinetics,52
Dosingconsiderationsforpsychoactivedrugsinchildren,55
Summary,60
References,60
Chapter6 Psychostimulants,65
StevenR.Pliszka
Introduction,65
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Contents ix
Epidemiologyofstimulantuse,66
Structureandbiochemicalmechanismofaction,66
Neuroimagingstudiesofstimulanteffects,67
Studiesofshort-termefficacy,72
Studiesoflong-termefficacy,76
Clinicaluse,79
Commonside-effects,84
Cardiovascularsafetyissues,86
Growthsuppression,88
Substanceuseanddiversion,88
Comparisonwithnonstimulanttreatment,89
Treatmentofcomorbidity,92
Pharmacogenetics,93
Conclusions,94
References,94
Chapter7 TricyclicAntidepressantsandMonoamineOxidase
InhibitorsfortheTreatmentofChildandAdolescent
PsychiatricDisorders,105
CharlotteM.Heleniak,TejalKaur,KareemD.Ghalib&MoiraA.Rynn
Tricyclicantidepressants(TCAs),105
Druginteractions,contraindications,116
Monoamineoxidaseinhibitors(MAOIs),117
Generalsummary,122
References,123
Chapter8 SelectiveSerotoninReuptakeInhibitors
(SSRIs),131
DaraSakolsky&BorisBirmaher
Pharmacokinetics,131
Initiationandtitration,133
Indicationsandefficacy,134
Adverseeffects,146
Withdrawal,149
References,149
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
x Contents
Chapter9 Novel(Atypical)Antidepressants,155
HeidiR.Bruty,GrahamJ.Emslie&PaulCroarkin
Novel(atypical)antidepressants,155
Generaloverview,155
Bupropion,157
Duloxetine,162
Mirtazapine,164
Trazodone,166
Venlafaxine,170
Desvenlafaxine,173
Alternativetreatments,174
Summary,175
References,176
Chapter10 AntipsychoticAgents,181
BrieanaM.Rowles,JohnL.Hertzer&RobertL.Findling
Introduction,181
Chemicalproperties,182
Typicalantipsychotics,183
Atypicalantipsychotics,186
Ethicalissues:treatmentofat-riskpopulations,212
Conclusions,213
References,213
Chapter11 Lithium,221
GarrettM.Sparks&DavidA.Axelson
Introduction,221
Pharmacology,222
Potentialmechanismsofaction,222
Evidencefortheuseoflithiuminchildrenandadolescents,232
Dosinganddrugmonitoring,239
Contraindications,precautions,anddruginteractions,242
Side-effects,246
References,250
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
Contents xi
Chapter12 AnticonvulsantsUsedinChildandAdolescent
PsychiatricDisorders,261
ManiPavuluri&TushitaMayanil
Introduction,261
Divalproexsodium,261
Carbamazepine,271
Oxcarbazepine,275
Lamotrigine,279
Gabapentin,284
Topiramate,285
Conclusion,288
References,288
Chapter13 Anxiolytics,301
BarbaraJ.Coffey&AmandaL.Zwilling
Chemicalproperties,301
Indications,305
Contraindications,320
Adverseeffects,321
Overdose,324
Abuse/dependence,324
Druginteractions,325
Availablepreparationsandcost,325
Initiationandmaintenanceoftreatment,325
Managementofspecificside-effects,330
Howtowithdrawmedication,332
References,332
Chapter14 AdrenergicAgentsinChildandAdolescent
Psychiatry,341
LawrenceDavidScahill
Clonidineandguanfacine,341
Guanfacine,349
Beta-blockers,355
Acknowledgements,361
References,361
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC Color:1C
JWST105-fm JWST105-Rosenberg November2,2011 16:47 Trim:244mmX172mm
xii Contents
Chapter15 AtypicalPsychopharmacologicStrategies,365
JessShatkin&AronJanssen
Opiateantagonists,365
Memantine,368
Riluzole,369
Secretin,371
Topiramate,372
Herbalmedicationsanddietarysupplements,373
Ginkgo(Ginkgobiloba),375
Melatonin,381
Omega-3fattyacids,383
St.John’swort(Hypericumperforatum),384
Valerian(Valerianaofficinalis),387
Conclusion,388
References,389
Chapter16 PsychopharmacologyinPreschoolChildren,399
MiniTandon&JoanLuby
Introduction,399
Developmentalconsiderations,400
Riseinpsychopharmacologyuse,402
Psychotherapybeforepsychopharmacology,403
Whenpsychopharmacologymaybeconsideredasafirstline:
pragmaticconsiderations,404
Psychopharmacologyinpreschooldisorders:administrationand
monitoring,404
Off-labelprescribing:specialconsiderations,407
Useofpsychotropicsinspecificdisorders,408
Summary,415
References,415
Chapter17 CombinationPharmacotherapyforPsychiatric
DisordersinChildrenandAdolescents,421
GaganJoshi&AnnaM.Georgiopoulos
Bipolardisorder,422