Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry, 6e PDF
Preview Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry, 6e
This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com This page intentionally left blank This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com JOHN A. YAGIELA, DDS, PhD Professor and Chair, Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences School of Dentistry Professor of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California FRANK J. DOWD, DDS, PhD Professor, Department of Pharmacology Professor, Department of Oral Biology School of Dentistry Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska BARTON S. JOHNSON, DDS, MS Director, General Practice Residency Program Swedish Medical Center Private Practice Seattle Special Care Dentistry Seattle, Washington ANGELO J. MARIOTTI, DDS, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Periodontology College of Dentistry Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio ENID A. NEIDLE, PhD Professor Emeritus, Pharmacology, New York University New York, New York Former Assistant Executive Director, Scientific Affairs American Dental Association Chicago, Illinois 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS FOR DENTISTRY, ED. 6 ISBN: 978-0-323-05593-2 © 2011, 2004, 1998, 1989, 1985, 1980 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pharmacology and therapeutics for dentistry / [edited by] John A. Yagiela … [et al.]. —6th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-05593-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pharmacology. 2. Therapeutics. 3. Dentistry. I. Yagiela, John A. [DNLM: 1. Dentistry. 2. Pharmacological Phenomena. QV 50 P5355 2011] RM300.N44 2011 615′.19—dc22 2009038445 This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com Acquisitions Editor: John Dolan Developmental Editor: Joslyn Dumas Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Project Manager: Claire Kramer Designer: Teresa McBryan Working together to grow libraries in developing countries Printed in the United States www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com Peter W. Abel, PhD Linsey R. Curtis, PharmD, BCOP Denis M. Grant, PhD Professor, Department of Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacist Professor and Chair, Department of School of Medicine University of Washington Pharmacology and Toxicology Creighton University Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Faculty of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska Seattle, Washington University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jeffrey D. Bennett, DMD Paul J. Desjardins, DMD, PhD Professor and Chair Visiting Professor, Department of Oral Biology Karen S. Gregson, PhD Department of Oral Surgery and Hospital New Jersey Dental School Assistant Professor, Department of Dentistry University of Medicine and Dentistry of Oral Biology School of Dentistry New Jersey School of Dentistry Indiana University Newark, New Jersey Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis Senior Vice President Indianapolis, Indiana Global, Clinical, and Medical Affairs Mark Blumenthal, BA Wyeth Consumer Healthcare Daniel A. Haas, DDS, PhD, FRCD(c) Founder and Executive Director, American Madison, New Jersey Associate Dean, Clinical Sciences Botanical Council Chapman Chair in Clinical Sciences Austin, Texas Xi-Qin Ding, PhD Professor and Head of Dental Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia Charles S. Bockman, PhD Cell Biology Faculty of Dentistry Assistant Professor, Department of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Department of Pharmacology Pharmacology Center Faculty of Medicine School of Medicine Oklahoma City, Oklahoma University of Toronto Creighton University Toronto, Ontario, Canada Omaha, Nebraska Raymond A. Dionne, DDS, PhD Scientific Director Marc W. Heft, DMD, PhD Michael T. Brennan, DDS, MHS National Institute of Nursing Research Professor and Director Associate Chairman, Department of National Institutes of Health Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Oral Medicine Bethesda, Maryland Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Carolina Medical Center University of Florida Charlotte, North Carolina Gail T. Galasko, PhD Gainesville, Florida Department of Biomedical Sciences Richard P. Cohan, DDS, MS, MBA College of Medicine David W. Hein, PhD Associate Professor Florida State University Chair and Professor, Department of Diagnostic and Emergency Services Tallahassee, Florida Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Dentistry School of Medicine University of the Pacific Gerald F. Gebhart, PhD University of Louisville San Francisco, California Director, Center for Pain Research Louisville, Kentucky University of Pittsburgh George A. Cook, PhD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Elliot V. Hersh, DMD, MS, PhD Professor, Department of Pharmacology Professor, Department of Oral Surgery University of Tennessee, Memphis Joseph A. Giovannitti, Jr., DMD and Pharmacology Memphis, Tennessee Associate Professor, Department of Director, Division of Pharmacology Anesthesiology School of Dental Medicine Stephen A. Cooper School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Senior Vice President, Global, Clinical, University of Pittsburgh Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Medical Affairs Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Wyeth Consumer Healthcare Madison, New Jersey L1 v vi Contributors Harrell E. Hurst, MS, PhD Vahn A. Lewis, PharmD, MS, PhD Frank Porreca, PhD Professor, Department of Pharmacology and University of Texas Health Science Center Professor, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology at Houston Dental Branch University of Arizona School of Medicine School of Medicine Houston, Texas Tucson, Arizona University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Michael D. Martin, DMD, MPH, PhD Morton B. Rosenberg, DMD Associate Professor of Oral Medicine Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery William B. Jeffries, PhD School of Dentistry Head, Division of Anesthesia and Pain Control Senior Associate Dean for Medical Education University of Washington School of Dental Medicine College of Medicine Seattle, Washington Associate Professor of Anesthesia University of Vermont School of Medicine Burlington, Vermont Robert L. Merrill, DDS, MS Tufts University Director, Graduate Orofacial Pain Clinic Boston, Massachusetts Anahid Jewett, PhD, MPH Department of Orofacial Pain Professor, Division of Oral Biology and Adjunct Professor Mark M. Schubert, DDS, MSD Medicine Section of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain Professor, Department of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry Department of Dentistry University of Washington University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles Director, Department of Oral Medicine Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Mo K. Kang, DDS, PhD, MS John A. Molinari, PhD Seattle, Washington Associate Professor and Chair Section of Professor and Chairman, Department of Endodontics Biomedical Sciences David H. Shaw, PhD School of Dentistry School of Dentistry Professor and Chairman University of California, Los Angeles University of Detroit Mercy Department of Oral Biology Los Angeles, California Detroit, Michigan College of Dentistry University of Nebraska Medical Center Hyungsuk Kim, DDS, PhD Paul A. Moore, DMD, MPH, PhD Lincoln, Nebraska Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch Professor and Chair, Department of National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Anesthesiology Sarat Thikkurissy, DDS, MS Research School of Dental Medicine Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric National Institutes of Health University of Pittsburgh Dentistry Bethesda, Maryland Adjunct Professor, Department of College of Dentistry Epidemiology The Ohio State University Bruno Kreiner, DMD, MD, MSc Graduate School of Public Health Columbus, Ohio Instructor, Department of Oral and University of Pittsburgh Maxillofacial Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Clarence L. Trummel, DDS, PhD School of Dental Medicine Emeritus Professor, Department of Hadassah Medical Organization Michael H. Ossipov, PhD Periodontology The Hebrew University Research Professor, Department of School of Dental Medicine Jerusalem, Israel Pharmacology University of Connecticut Health Center College of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut Karl K. Kwok, PharmD University of Arizona Clinical Professor, Department of Pharmacy Tucson, Arizona Yaping Tu, PhD Practice Associate Professor, Department of School of Pharmacy Thomas J. Pallasch, DDS, MS Pharmacology University of Washington Emeritus Professor of Dentistry School of Medicine Seattle, Washington University of Southern California Creighton University Clinical Pharmacist-Oncology Los Angeles, California Omaha, Nebraska Department of Pharmacy Service University of Washington Medical Center No-Hee Park, DMD, PhD Eileen L. Watson, PhD Seattle, Washington Dean, School of Dentistry Professor Oral Biology and Pharmacology University of California, Los Angeles University of Washington Rajesh V. Lalla, BDS, PhD, CCRP Los Angeles, California Seattle, Washington Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Michael T. Piascik, PhD Dennis W. Wolff, PhD Sciences Professor, Department of Pharmacology Resident Assistant Professor University of Connecticut Health Center University of Kentucky Department of Pharmacology Farmington, Connecticut College of Medicine School of Medicine Attending Member of Hospital Staff Lexington, Kentucky Creighton University Department of Dentistry Omaha, Nebraska John Dempsey Hospital Farmington, Connecticut This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com L1 Preface This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com HOW TO APPROACH PHARMACOLOGY “dipine” Dihydropyridine Ca++ channel Nifedipine blocker Although pharmacology can be considered a basic science, “ilol” or “alol” β-Adrenergic receptor blocker Carvedilol, the ultimate purpose of pharmacology in the health science that also the blocks the labetalol setting is to apply basic principles to clinical practice. This α-adrenergic receptor 1 book, which is targeted to the dental student and dental prac- “mab” Monoclonal antibody Infliximab titioner, is designed to meet that need. Pharmacology is “olol” β-Adrenergic receptor blocker Propranolol important to the dentist not only because of the drugs that “onium” or Quaternary ammonium Pancuronium, he or she prescribes or uses in the dental office, but also “urium” compound, usually used as atracurium because of other drugs that the patient takes. Every drug can a peripheral competitive affect the entire body. Moreover, when more than one drug skeletal muscle relaxer is given concurrently, there is a potential for drug interactions “osin” α-Adrenergic receptor Prazosin 1 that could have adverse consequences. blocker This book is designed to make specific dental applications “pam” or “lam” Benzodiazepine antiaxiety Diazepam, to each drug class. Included in this information are the agent or sedative hypnotic triazolam benefits and risks associated with those drug classes. “pril” or “prilat” Angiotensin-converting Captopril In the study of pharmacology it is important to learn drugs enzyme (ACE) inhibitor by their class on the basis of similarity of mechanism of action, “sartan” Angiotensin II receptor Losartan not as individual stand-alone medications. Thus armed with blocker the knowledge of the properties of a class of drugs and “statin” HMG CoA reductase Lovastatin examples of drugs within that class, one can streamline the inhibitor anti-lipid drug learning process. Organization of drug information can “triptan” Serotonin 5-HT agonist Sumatriptan 1B/1D then be arranged around the following subcategories. (These antimigraine drug will be useful in studying most drugs.) “vir” Antiviral drug Acyclovir 1. Name of drug class and examples 2. Mechanism of action 3. Pharmacokinetics 4. Indications Application of information to clinical cases can increase 5. Adverse effects retention and appreciation of pharmacology. For instance, 6. Contraindications suppose that a dental patient has been prescribed darifenacin 7. Miscellaneous information, including drug interactions by his or her physician to treat urinary urgency. One should 8. Implications for dentistry know that drugs such as darifenacin are likely to cause xero- Some devices can help in the learning of drug names. The stomia (dry mouth), and one should know why. Therefore it nonproprietary (generic) names for drugs within a given class is reasonable to assume that xerostomia would be a likely often have similarities. Being familiar with a list of suffixes of complaint that a patient would have after taking such a drug. generic drug names can be helpful in identifying an individual Moreover, it would also be well to consider how a dentist can drug. Such a list is given below. help relieve symptoms of xerostomia without compromising the treatment for urinary urgency. This thought process requires knowledge of how these drugs act, including the receptors involved, and what responses are linked to these SUFFIXES AS CUES FOR REMEMBERING receptors. DRUG CLASSES The landscape of pharmacology is ever expanding with the constant development of new drugs, new drug classes, and SUFFIX DRUG CLASS EXAMPLE new information on older drugs. Furthermore, the growth in “azole” Azole-type antifungal drug Fluconazole our knowledge in areas such as pharmacogenetics and phar- or Metronidazole macogenomics promises to lead to the practice of tailoring Antibacterial-antiparasitic drug therapy to the individual. drug All in all, pharmacology is an exciting and dynamic disci- “caine” Local anesthetic Lidocaine pline. This book covers the major areas of pharmacology and “coxib” Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Celecoxib provides an intellectual framework on which to use drugs in inhibitor a rational manner. vii viii Preface ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank several individuals who made special contributions to this work. Mr. John Dolan, Acquisitions The competing demands of academia in the modern health Editor; Ms. Joslyn Dumas, Developmental Editor; and Ms. science setting make the writing of textbooks such as Phar- Claire Kramer, Project Manager, of Elsevier played crucial macology and Therapeutics for Dentistry a challenging task. In roles in the completion of this edition. We wish to acknowl- this effort, we have been aided greatly by our contributing edge Pat Dowd, Mare Akers, Jolene Winterfeld, Andrew authors, past and present, who have given their time and Waters, Elizabeth Reese, Karen Bishop, Kristen Koseluk, and expertise to ensure that the information provided herein is Leanne Tapper for their help with manuscript preparation. both accurate and current. We wish to acknowledge especially Dr. Enid Neidle, who was the lead editor for the first three John A. Yagiela editions of this book and Dr. Tom Pallasch, who died shortly Frank J. Dowd after completing his revisions for this edition. We also must Barton S. Johnson express gratitude to our families and colleagues for their for- bearance in dealing with our distractions and preoccupations Angelo J. Mariotti pharmacologic. and Enid A. Neidle This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com Contents This ebook is uploaded by dentalebooks.com I 12 Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotic PART and Antidepressant Drugs, 162 Principles of Pharmacology Vahn A. Lewis 13 Sedative-Hypnotics, Antianxiety Drugs, 1 Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, 188 Action, 2 Joseph A. Giovannitti, Jr., and Paul A. Moore John A. Yagiela 2 Pharmacokinetics: The Absorption, 14 Anticonvulsants, 212 Distribution, and Fate of Drugs, 17 Vahn A. Lewis John A. Yagiela 15 Anti-Parkinson Drugs, 230 3 Pharmacotherapeutics: The Clinical Use Vahn A. Lewis of Drugs, 48 16 Local Anesthetics, 246 John A. Yagiela and Frank J. Dowd John A. Yagiela 4 Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, 69 17 Principles of General Anesthesia, 266 David W. Hein and Denis M. Grant John A. Yagiela and Daniel A. Haas 18 Agents Used in General Anesthesia PART II and Sedation, 281 Daniel A. Haas and John A. Yagiela Pharmacology of Specific 19 Introduction to Antinociceptive Drugs, 299 Drug Groups Hyungsuk Kim and Raymond A. Dionne 5 Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System 20 Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists, 307 Drugs, 78 Michael H. Ossipov, Gerald F. Gebhart, and Frank Porreca Peter W. Abel and Michael T. Piascik 21 Nonopioid Analgesics, Nonsteroidal 6 Adrenergic Agonists, 91 Anti-inflammatory Drugs, and Yaping Tu, Michael T. Piascik, and Peter W. Abel Antirheumatic and Antigout Drugs, 324 7 Adrenergic Antagonists, 106 Elliot V. Hersh , Paul J. Desjardins, Clarence L. Trummel, Michael T. Piascik and Peter W. Abel and Stephen A. Cooper 8 Cholinergic Drugs, 117 22 Histamine and Histamine Antagonists, 359 Frank J. Dowd Clarence L. Trummel 9 Antimuscarinic Drugs, 129 23 Drugs for Treating Orofacial Pain Frank J. Dowd Syndromes, 373 10 Drugs Affecting Nicotinic Receptors, 136 Robert L. Merrill Xi-Qin Ding 24 Antiarrhythmic Drugs, 393 11 Introduction to Central Nervous System Frank J. Dowd Drugs, 149 25 Drugs Used in Heart Failure, 410 Vahn A. Lewis Frank J. Dowd L1 ix
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