Pharmacognosy 2

586 Pages·2014·47.71 MB·English

Development of digital learning materials for renewable pharmaceutical practice-oriented skills
in English and Hungarian. Preparing university lecturers for educational challenges of the 21st century.
Pharmacognosy 2
Dr. Györgyi Horváth, Prof. Dr. Péter Molnár, Dr. Tímea Bencsik

Pharmacognosy 2
Dr. Györgyi Horváth, Prof. Dr. Péter Molnár, Dr. Tímea Bencsik

“Development of digital learning materials
for renewable pharmaceutical practice-oriented skills
in English and Hungarian.
Preparing university lecturers for educational challenges of the 21st century.”
Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/1-11/1-2011-0016
University of Pécs – Pécs, 2013
The project is funded by the European Union and
co-financed by the European Social Fund.
Manuscript completed: December 2013

Editor in charge: University of Pécs
Editors in charge: Dr. Györgyi Horváth, Prof. Dr. Péter Molnár
Other developers: Dr. Ágnes Farkas, Dr. Nóra Papp
Photos: Dr. Tímea Bencsik, Dr. Ágnes Farkas, Dr. Zsuzsanna Fatér,
Dr. Györgyi Horváth, Dr. Nóra Papp, Dr. Erzsébet Varga
Technical editors: Szilvia Czulák, Zsolt Bencze
Lectors: Dr. Ágnes Farkas, Dr. Gábor Vasas, Dr. Sándor Gonda
ISBN 978-963-642-613-2
Length: 583 pages
Content
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 Drugs containing monoterpenes, essential oils .............................................. 9
1.1 Terpenoids ............................................................................................ 9
Properties of essential oils .................................................................. 11
1.2 Drugs .................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 2 Essential oils ................................................................................................. 57
2.1 Description of essential oils ................................................................ 57
Drugs .................................................................................................. 62
Chapter 3 Iridoid-containing drugs ............................................................................... 89
3.1 Iridoids – Biosynthesis ....................................................................... 89
Properties of iridoids .......................................................................... 89
Bitterness value in the European Pharmacopoeia 5.0 ........................ 90
Bitters ................................................................................................. 90
Drugs .................................................................................................. 91
Chapter 4 Drugs containing sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and terpenophenols ............. 117
4.1 Sesquiterpenes .................................................................................. 117
Sesquiterpene Lactones .................................................................... 117
Drugs ................................................................................................ 118
4.2 Diterpenes ......................................................................................... 142
Drugs ................................................................................................ 143
4.3 Terpenophenols ................................................................................ 151
Drug .................................................................................................. 152
Chapter 5 Drugs containing triterpenes, steroids, saponins and cardenolides ............ 153
5.1 Triterpenes and saponins .................................................................. 153
Drugs ................................................................................................ 154
5.2 Triterpenes in adaptogens ................................................................. 189
Drugs ................................................................................................ 190
5.3 Steroids ............................................................................................. 192
Drugs ................................................................................................ 193
5.4 Spirostanes, furostanes and steroidal saponins ................................. 202
Drugs ................................................................................................ 203
5.5 Cardenolides and bufadienolides ...................................................... 211
Drugs ................................................................................................ 214
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Pharmacognosy 2
Chapter 6 Drugs containing alkaloids of ornithine, lysine and phenylalanine
origin .......................................................................................................... 231
Definition of alkaloids ...................................................................... 231
Classification of alkaloids ................................................................. 231
Another possibility for classification ................................................ 231
Most important properties of alkaloids ............................................. 232
6.2 Alkaloids formed from ornithine ...................................................... 233
Drugs ................................................................................................. 234
6.3 Alkaloids formed from lysine ........................................................... 247
Drugs ................................................................................................. 250
6.4 Alkaloids formed from phenylalanine .............................................. 256
Drugs ................................................................................................. 257
Chapter 7 Drugs containing alkaloids of tryptophan and histidine origin .................. 285
7.1 Alkaloids formed from tryptophan ................................................... 285
Drugs ................................................................................................. 285
7.2 Alkaloids formed from histidine ....................................................... 299
Drug .................................................................................................. 299
Chapter 8 Purine-containing drugs, drugs containing specific amino acid
derivatives .................................................................................................. 301
8.1 Alkaloids having purine skeleton...................................................... 301
Drugs ................................................................................................. 302
8.2 Alkaloids having terpenoid skeleton ................................................. 309
Drugs ................................................................................................. 310
8.3 Drugs containing specific amino acid derivatives ............................ 315
Drugs ................................................................................................. 315
Chapter 9 Drugs containing cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates ..................... 331
9.1 Cyanogenic glycosides...................................................................... 331
Drugs ................................................................................................. 333
9.2 Glucosinolates ................................................................................... 336
Drugs ................................................................................................. 338
Chapter 10 Drugs containing phenylpropanoid and phloroglucin derivatives............ 341
10.1 Phenylpropanoid derivatives ............................................................. 341
Drugs ................................................................................................. 342
10.2 Lignans .............................................................................................. 369
Drug .................................................................................................. 371
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Content
10.3 Phloroglucin derivatives ................................................................... 374
Drugs ................................................................................................ 375
Chapter 11 Drugs containing coumarin derivatives ................................................... 381
11.1 Coumarins, furanocoumarins and pyranocoumarins ........................ 381
Coumarin derivatives can be classified as ........................................ 381
Drugs ................................................................................................ 383
Chapter 12 Drugs containing anthraquinone and naphthoquinone derivatives .......... 397
12.1 Quinone derivatives .......................................................................... 397
Drugs ................................................................................................ 397
12.2 Naphthoquinone derivatives ............................................................. 402
Drugs ................................................................................................ 403
12.3 Anthraquinone derivatives ................................................................ 411
Drugs ................................................................................................ 413
12.4 Dianthrone derivatives...................................................................... 428
Drugs ................................................................................................ 428
12.5 Naphthodianthrone derivatives ......................................................... 433
Drugs ................................................................................................ 433
Chapter 13 Drugs containing flavonoids .................................................................... 439
Drugs ................................................................................................ 442
13.2 Flavonolignans ................................................................................. 470
Drugs ................................................................................................ 471
Chapter 14 Drugs containing polyphenols ................................................................. 475
14.1 Tannins ............................................................................................. 475
Drugs ................................................................................................ 477
Index ............................................................................................................................. 511
Literature ....................................................................................................................... 519
Recommended homepages and databases .................................................................... 521
Appendices .................................................................................................................... 523
Indications .................................................................................................. 523
Contraindications ....................................................................................... 542
Side effects ................................................................................................. 552
Figures .......................................................................................................................... 565

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Introduction
Short description of the digital learning material:
Pharmacognosy covers general aspects of medicinal plants (such as industrial
applications, research, cultivation and cultivars, gene technology, critical evaluation of
holistic medicine and homeopathy, possibilities of phytotherapy) and discusses the
chemical composition and other qualitative characteristics, as well as the most
important areas of usage and pharmacology of herbal drugs and drug fractions such as
essential oils.
Today many people purchase medicinal plants and herbal products to prevent or cure
diseases. Therefore specialists (physicians and pharmacists) should become acquainted
with medicinal plants and drugs that are used in pharmacotherapy (especially in
phytotherapy) both in Hungary and abroad. Our pharmacy students are required to
recognize the most important drugs that are traded and/or imported in Hungary and are
official in the Hungarian and European Pharmacopoeias. Pharmacognosy 2 digital
learning material contains the most important medicinal plants and their drugs which
are characterized according to their active compounds, usage, dosage, interactions with
other drugs and side-effects. Drugs containing sugars and/or mucilage and fatty oils are
introduced in the Pharmacognosy 1 digital learning material. Hopefully, this teaching
supplement will be a useful reference text for medical doctors, pharmacists, students
and teachers of pharmacognosy, herbalists, botanists, natural product chemists and
pharmacologists who require information on medicinal plants.
Notice: Medicines or products containing medicinal plants should only be taken under
medical supervision or according to the manufacturer’s direction. The authors and the
publisher cannot accept any liability for any adverse effects caused by applying the
plants, drugs or products metioned in this teaching supplement.
Keywords:
pharmacognosy, medicinal plant, secondary metabolites, herbal drugs, phytotherapy
Photos:
Dr. Tímea Bencsik, Dr. Ágnes Farkas, Dr. Zsuzsanna Fatér, Dr. Györgyi Horváth,
Dr. Nóra Papp, Dr. Erzsébet Varga
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