Pharmacogenomics of alcohol and drugs of abuse

243 Pages·2012·2.14 MB·English

by  Amitava Dasgupta

Pharmacogenomics of

Alcohol and Drugs
of Abuse

Pharmacogenomics of

Alcohol and Drugs
of Abuse
Amitava Dasgupta
Loralie J. Langman
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20120327
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
The Editors ................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Pharmacogenomics Principles of Alcohol and DOA ...........................1
Christine L.H. Snozek and Loralie J. Langman
Chapter 2 Alcohol: Use and Abuse .....................................................................11
Amitava Dasgupta
Chapter 3 Slate and Trait Markers of Alcohol Abuse .........................................47
Joshua Bornhorst, Annjanette Stone, John Nelson, and Kim Light
Chapter 4 Introduction to Drugs of Abuse ..........................................................93
Larry Broussard and Catherine Hammett-Stabler
Chapter 5 Pharmacogenomics of Amphetamine and Related Drugs ...............129
Steven C. Kazmierczak
Chapter 6 Pharmacogenomics of Cocaine ........................................................137
Loralie J. Langman and Christine L.H. Snozek
Chapter 7 Genetic Aspect of Marijuana Metabolism and Abuse .....................155
Pradip Datta
Chapter 8 Genetic Aspect of Opiate Metabolism and Addiction .....................165
Jorge L. Sepulveda
Chapter 9 Pharmacogenomics Aspects of Addiction Treatment ......................195
F. Gerard Moeller
Chapter 10 Methodologies in Pharmacogenetics Testing ...................................211
Jorge L. Sepulveda
v

Preface
For centuries the typical practice of medicine has been and continues to be one where
the clinician is concerned with an individual patient’s symptoms, medical and fam-
ily history, and, more recently, data from the laboratory, and, if applicable, imaging
information for diagnosis and treatment. This, however, is a reactive approach rather
than a preventive approach. After complete characterization of the human genome,
scientists hoped to translate these findings for better treatment of diseases and pos-
sible cures for genetically inherited diseases. In the 1970s, expansion of therapeutic
drug monitoring (TDM) services for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices certainly
improved patient management by reducing incidences of drug toxicity as well as
achieving better drug response by personalizing the dosage of a drug for a particular
person. Pharmacogenomics can supplement traditional therapeutic drug monitoring,
potentially predicting correct dosage before initiation of drug therapy. This may also
be superior because the approach is proactive rather than reactive. A good example is
warfarin, where dosage based on polymorphism of CYP2C9 and VCKOR1 has been
stated in the package insert.
The same pharmacogenomics principles that are applicable for therapeutic drugs
are also applicable for drugs of abuse. Metabolisms of certain narcotic analgesics
such as codeine, hydrocodone, and oxymorphone are influenced by polymorphism
of CYP2D6. Polymorphism of CYP2D6 also affects metabolism of methamphet-
amine, a drug used for treating attention deficit disorder and one that is frequently
abused. Polymorphism of opiate receptor genes greatly influences response to opioids.
Currently, abuse of drugs is considered a psychiatric illness, and both genes and
environment play an important role in determining which individuals are going to
be more prone to addiction. The majority of clinical trials examining the role of
OPRM1 Asp 40 alleles in naltrexone treatment response for alcoholism find that
patients lacking Asp40 allele do more poorly with the treatment.
There are excellent books on pharmacogenomics aspects of therapeutics, but cur-
rent research has also looked at the role of pharmacogenomics in alcohol and drugs
of abuse. The goal of this book is to provide a platform for readers to become familiar
with the current state of knowledge in this area. Each chapter is written by experts in
their field, covering all aspects of pharmacogenomics in alcohol and drugs of abuse.
Chapter 1 covers the basic aspects of pharmacogenomics applicable to alcohol and
drugs of abuse. In Chapter 3, both slate and trait markers of alcohol are addressed so
that readers not only become familiarized with this timely topic, but also consider
setting appropriate alcohol biomarker tests in their clinical laboratory. In Chapter 10,
techniques used in pharmacogenomics testing are discussed in detail so that readers
may consider setting up pharmacogenomics testing in their laboratory if desired.
Each chapter contains a brief review of the drugs discussed; therefore, readers do
not need a background of pharmacogenomics to follow the information presented.
We hope you will enjoy this book.
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