Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Instrumental Techniques

788 Pages·1969·101.414 MB·English

by  Leslie G. Chatten

Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
Volume-2
Leslie G. Chatten
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
VOLUME 2

PharmaceuticarChemistry -
EDITED BY
LESLIEG. CHATIEN
-PlitOIIUSOft Of 'HAItM'-C1l..,IC'-'l. C.H£MI.sU.Y
hCt.'l.TY Of ,HAaMACY
t.r."Ol'iU.SITY Of AU(ftTA
~. ALaOTA, CAl'IAOA
va LiIME 2
Instrumental Tcc'b·nigw<.
"';"({i. ~\\'.I~a/'('a
~ Proprielor
Publisr,er, DisW,, l!l2~l;;~ re,arl seller of medical bO~ks
Phone: [phone], Mobile: [phone]
._-, ._._ .... -
-- -_.
Pttmission 10 us.c portions of ~he lext of l.he ."a/iO#fal Fo,,,,,,kt,y. T .... ~lflh EditIon. ofTlcial
September" L J96~_~has been gr:antec;t j»' the American Phannaa:utiaJ Associatiol\. The
or
Americ.ln Plu.rmaccutieal-Association is not rcspo:uibk r« any in.aQ;uracy quol.J.tion.
or
The: uw of ponions of the tt=xt the United StatCS Pharmacopeia X\'U Rt=\"ision. official
September 1, J965. is by permission reo:jyed rrom Ihe Board of Trusl~s of the L'nited
Slales Pharmac:orcial Co","'Cnlion. The said board is not responsible for any ilU.cC'uracics
of the lexl thus UKd.
The usc of portion~ of thc text of the Brilish Pha.nN.Copoc:la. J968, is made with the
agreement of the General MediC31 Council.
r
COPYRIGHT '1; 1969 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC.
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•
Preface
The incrC::lsin~ compk.1.11 u,:s \1( ph:lrm;l\:cU[h.::.t1 pn:par:ltions and th~ fn:.lrked
cmph:.tsr:s on ljU:.thl~· l:ontr~11 by [hi.." cthH::.d manufac[Urer h3\'C' pbced J.
greatcr load on the ingenUity of the control chemist. Such an individuJI
must be so well tralneo that he is cap:Jblc of J.ppreciating the mefJ(S of the
known techniques before selecting: tht: one: mpst suited to the task at hand.
If established proccdures arc: not sUHable. the control cherrusl must be
CJP:Jolc: of developing new methods. Thc:rdore. this nc .... and comprc:hensi .... c
two· volume textbook on ph:lrmacc:ullcal Chemistry has b(cn wriuen for
usc in the practie:ll training, of pharmacy students to enable them (0 take:
their rightful place: in the ph:Jrmaceutical industry '~lnd in go'. . ernment
bb0r:Horics concern~d ..... ith the 4uali(~· of medicin:.11 prc:parJ.tion~.
T ..· .HS d~:.Jling "",ith analyticl! cheOlJ!:Itry that have ~e:n ""rinen !..:Ir and b~·
:In:.l ytica I chemists do not, in gener;.al, adequately treat the: subject of .1nJ,lytic31
pharmaceutical chemistry. When one applies qu;lntitati .... e technique!. to the
analyses of pharmaceutical dosage forms which, even in their sim?ies( srate,
Jre compkx entities, one rr.ust I!mploy special considl!r:uions. Books on
analytical Chemistry lack [hI! propa ~mphasis and suitJ.bk applications.
Existing textbooks in pharm.Jceutical Chemistry . ..... hile considaing the
p~J,rmace-utical aspects. ,often f.1il to tr~:H the subject in the de-pc:" which it
deser\"es. This te.,' is meant to fulfill these needs.
The editor. based upon his e:tperience with the Food and Drug Directorate
vi the Government of Can:ldJ :IS ""l'"11 ;..IS his t"'aching of ph:lrrr.:1ceutical
..:hemlstr: "t the L:ni .. crslty of .-\lbcrLJ. lnJ the Cllntribut~-'rs. "r.,J. fllr [he
most POJrt. 3rc all e.,!Xricnccd te:lchas of pharmaceutlc.J] chemiury or a
rel.lted JI-iclpitne of ph:.lfmJ,cy. h.l\e ..:ons..-ious]y attempteJ to J.rri\·e .:H .J
<\J,CI-ir:Jctvr:- blend of procedures In orl1c:r to pro\ldc :l bro:l..! b:Jiis on
.... hJ(h the senior underg.r:lJu:lcc anl1 ~r:,dual(.' ~tul1cn[ can budd The f0("31
p.llnc of e,Kh ch;lpter i<;. thc prc~ent;H!On of the theor:-. PrJ..:!I":.J1 c:t.peo·
m ..· nts h:l~c r.ccn ·carcfull\' sdccled io dcmonstr.J.lc :lll :lrrlic:ltlon of the
thc0retlCll ":1)nsll.k"r:1tlOns.· Que!:llions JnJ problems. to.gcther ""jch .J. li~[ o~
references for suppkm. ent:u.v rC:,hJin":.! . h:.av.c. . bC_"'1.1 induded at t.he c.nd 01
Vi PREFACE
Since the aim of this book is to provide a depth of understanding not
evident in other books, it was decided to separate what is generally thought
of as classical analytical techniques from those of instrumentation. The first
volume, therefore, deals with theoretical and practical considerations of
gravimetric andlysis,acid.basetitrimetry and pH, precipitation and complex
formation, acidimetry and alkalimetry, nonaqucous titrimetry, compleo.
metric analsis, nik.1cid1 assay. nthce!neous methods, ion exchange,
chromatography, and the analysis of fixed and volatile oils. The second
volume presents the theory and application of the
foilo-vine instrumental
techniques: visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, fluorescence
photometry, turbidimetry and nephelometry, infrarcl Spectrophotometry
and Raman spectroscopy, flame photometry and atomic absorption analysis,
x-ray diffraction and optical Crystallography, mass spectromcwv, refractom-
etry and interferometry, polarimetry and optical rotatory dispersion, gas
chromatography, radioactivity, nuclear magnetic resonance, potentiornetric
titrations and instrumental determination of pH, coulometrjc methods and
chronopotentiometry, polarography, amperomctry, and conductance and
high frequency.
The editor is indebted to the various authors for their contributions. Their
efforts are responsible for the quality.of this text.
L.G.C.
Contribl.ltors to Volume 2
JOH~ .-\ BILES. Ph.D. P"(lJ~':i5'Jr IIf PirtJrml1n. 5d,oo/ oj Phr.:r":t!t':.
Cniufwy oj SlJuthCfII Caltj;)mia. Los .-I,,~!!I~J. California
CA RY'fAS A. BUSS. Ph.D._ AJSocialr? PrO!c'JSor of Pharmacy. Col!(~'!f! 0/
Pharmacy. en;1( Fsity 0/ SCJskalChc' .. ~:an. Sarkutoon, SasJcalchl! ....· an
A. CHISHOL~1.· D.Se .. Alftllyr:co/ R<!search. ·W",. S. :"'(uTell Co., Dinsion
of RIcnardson"\{(,rull, Inc.. Cincinnati, Ohio
ROSALD T. COLTTS. Ph.D .. Projr.'ssoT o[ Pltl1rml1UUlical CltL'lIrwry.
[;"ifUJilY of Alberta, £Jlllonlon. Alberw
STL"ART ERIKSE:-':, Ph.D .. Dirc'C(or, .\fL·dical Rr.'uarch. ,-Illergon PharmjJ·
ceuticals. Stlr.ta Ana, Cali/ornia
DAVID E. GLTT:\I.-\:", Ph.D .. Profusar oj Pharmauulics. School 0/
Pharmacy, SfOU Cnirusity of St'"'" York at Bu.tfaJo. Buffalo, S c'h' York
J. GEORG E JEFFREY. Ph.D .. Projimor of Pif/ln,acy. Col/,!!, of pi,,,r.",uc,.
CniL·t!rsiIY of SaJka(Che1Ian. Swkaroo/l. SQJkafC"~lIal/
PETER K..-\BASAK .. AUA:--':, Ph,D .. Physical & Analyucal Cheftl/CUI
Reucrcn, Scheri,,! Corporarion, BloomfieM, ~\'''II" JUU,I"
D. S. LAVERY. Ph, D., Lash ,'.!illa Chemical Laboratorin, CniarsilY of
Toronlv, Toronto. Canada
ROBERT .-\. LOCOCK, Ph.D, .1.SJISItJIIf p,oJ~'JsiJr 0/ Pha"':C("':l~:('al
Cnt!,.:tstr.:, Fc("U!: .... 0/ Ph~rma(.~·, en;; c'lSil)" oj ...I/~ala. £dmoIlIOI:,
.-Itbc!rrl1. Car.:Jda
~I.-\ THIAS P. ~IERTES, Ph D . .- IsJc)citJtt! Professor 0/ Pharmacy, Depart ..
no'er.: t'/ .\/ ,·dICU:l1l Ch.',,':s:r.,·. School 0/ Pharmac." enil"(SIIY 0/
A"l1nJ·,:.I. Lal> '(r.c •• A"alTsoJ
.-\:-.. TOI:-'" E;\ :--'OL·J.--\I \-1, Ph.D . .- Issvnalt' Pro/c'JJor of Pharmacy. FOC'..lIl., ,
tlf Pi:."n."cn . ('flU .'fJUX 0/ .-I1f·t!fla, Ed",onlon, A/be-no. C anoda
• I'~e\/::-:: .l..!"::/:·n F.h,·..! JnJ O/US Dlr~r\'rJ.te. T.,rlJnll~. CJruJ.1 . ..
'"
Vjjj CONTRIBUTORS
M. PERNAROWSKI Ph.D.,
Professor of Pl,arn,ac Facu/r) of P/7ar,,ic
(Jnncr5jf of British Columbia Voncoucer, British Columbia
E. A. ROBINSON Ph.D.,
Toronto, Toronto, canadAassociate Dean, Erinda/e college L;niiersj,1• of
J. WB. RatOonB RINouSgOe.N L oPuhi.sDia.n, aProfessor o.[ hemjstr . Louisiana State UnherSj,t
FRED T. SEMENIUK, Ph.D..,
Professor of Pharmaceutical Chc#tjwri•
School of Pharmacr, Uiirersj:' of North Carolina c/tape! Hill, North
JOHN W. SHELL,1- Ph.D.,
Director of Research Allergan Pharmaceuticals,
Santa Ana, Colfornja
FRED W. TEARE, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical C/:emis,rj
Faculzi of Phorniacr, Unà-ersity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Present address: University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
Contents of Volume 2
,
vji
CII:\YTER I Absorption Spectrop~otome~ry
\1. ?ER:-J,.1o ROWSKI
,
LI Elcclrom:lgncllc RaJi:uion
I.::! Ab~orpllon or RaJi:an( Energy
1.3 OU3nllt~Ii\"C Spc'Clrophol0n:t~try I)
1.-' f)C\'IJIICln\ (rtlm Deer" L.ly. "
1.5 Anal:o-,is or .\h:tlurn "
1.6 C""tlflmclt~· .I,I
1.7 Spo.."C13i ~kthoJs )9
1.8 SpcclropholomclC~rs and Colonmclcts
Qucslkms H
RcfcrcncC1 '6
CH .... PTER 2 InfrOlred Spectroscopy 59
ROSALD T. COt:TTS ,.
2.1 InlroduclLon
Absorption Spcclroscop~ 6~
:.3 PhUrn.:lCCUlJc:a1 Applic3110ns of Inrr;ucd Spc..:::o:)Copy 108
R('r<:rcncC1o 125
('"II ~rTER. J R;amOln Spectroscopy 127
E. r\. Rool.\;so:-.l Jnd D. S. LA\TRY
.1.1 Inu.,.,jucl)\ln I." ,
1.2 fhcon' • • ~-J.. .or:!8
.'.~ F 'po:r;mcIlI31 144
).,l '\~rll':311\'n~ • 160
Q~c\I!llru 16)
~drrcn~("\ 164