Pharaoh's land and beyond : Ancient Egypt and its neighbors

377 Pages·2017·27.08 MB·English

by  Creasman

i
Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond
ii
iii
Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond
ANCIENT EGYPT AND ITS NEIGHBORS
Edited by Pearce Paul Creasman
and
Richard H. Wilkinson
1
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1
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Creasman, Pearce Paul, 1981- editor. | Wilkinson, Richard H., editor.
Title: Pharaoh’s land and beyond : Ancient Egypt and its neighbors / edited
by Pearce Paul Creasman and Richard H. Wilkinson.
Description: New York, NY, United States of America : Oxford University
Press, 2017.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016059037 | ISBN 9780190229078 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780190229092 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Egypt—Foreign relations. | Egypt—Civilization—To 332 B.C.
| Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.
Classification: LCC DT83 .P52 2017 | DDC 932/.01—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059037
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations vii
List of Plates xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Contributors xix
Introduction 1
PEARCE PAUL CREASMAN AND RICHARD H. WILKINSON
SECTION I: } Pathways
1. Finding the Beyond: Exploration 5
THOMAS SCHNEIDER
2. Paths in the Deep: Maritime Connections 19
PEARCE PAUL CREASMAN AND NOREEN DOYLE
3. Pathways to Distant Kingdoms: Land Connections 35
GREGORY MUMFORD
SECTION II: } People
4. Children of Other Gods: Social Interactions 61
BETTINA BADER
5. Between Brothers: Diplomatic Interactions 79
RICHARD H. WILKINSON AND NOREEN DOYLE
6. The Armies of Re 93
ANTHONY SPALINGER
SECTION III: } Objects
7. The Long Arm of Merchantry: Trade Interactions 115
SAMUEL MARK
8. Artisans and Their Products: Interaction in Art and Architecture 133
STUART TYSON SMITH
9. Traded, Copied, and Kept: The Ubiquitous Appeal of Scarabs 149
VANESSA BOSCHLOOS
v
vi
vi { Table of Contents
SECTION IV: } Ideas
10. Technology in Transit: The Borrowing of Ideas in Science and
Craftwork 167
IAN SHAW
11. The Flow of Words: Interaction in Writing and Literature during the
Bronze Age
I W riting Systems: Cuneiform and Hieroglyphs in the Bronze Age—
Script Contact and the Creation of New Scripts 183
ORLY GOLDWASSER
II L iterature: Egyptian and Levantine Belles- Lettres— Links and
Influences during the Bronze Age 195
NOGA AYALI-D ARSHAN
12. All Gods Are Our Gods: Religious Interaction
I “ From Bes to Baal”: Religious Interconnections between
Egypt and the East 209
IZAK CORNELIUS
II Egypt and Nubia 219
KATHRYN HOWLEY
III Religious Interaction between Egypt and the Aegean in
the Second Millennium BCE 229
NANNO MARINATOS
SECTION V: } Events
13. Violence in Earth, Water, and Sky: Geological Hazards 241
JAMES A. HARRELL
14. The Fickle Nile: Effects of Droughts and Floods 257
JUDITH BUNBURY
15. Illness from Afar: Epidemics and Their Aftermath 271
ROSALIE DAVID
References and Further Reading 287
Index 333
Main Index 335
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1 Map showing the chain of archaeological sites along the Abu Ballas
trail. From F. Förster, 2013, “Beyond Dakhla: The Abu Ballas Trail
in the Libyan Desert (SW Egypt),” in F. Förster and H. Riemer
(eds.), Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond,
Africa Praehistorica 27, Köln: Heinrich- Barth- Institut, 2013, p. 298
fig. 1. Image courtesy of Frank Förster/ Heinrich Barth Institute,
Cologne. 7
1.2 Lapis lazuli inlay in the form of a falcon. New Kingdom. Henry
Walters, Baltimore [date and mode of acquisition unknown]; Walters
Art Museum, 1931, by bequest. Image courtesy of The Walters Art
Museum. 8
1.3 The expedition leader, Iny. Image courtesy Michele Marcolin. 10
1.4 Part of a topographical list. Luxor Temple, New Kingdom.
Photograph courtesy Pearce Paul Creasman. 15
2.1 The earliest known depiction of a sail on an Egyptian painted pot.
Probably Naqada IIc. After W. F. Petrie, Prehistoric Egypt (London,
British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1920), pl. XXIII.3. 20
2.2 Commemoration of an Egyptian victory in Nubia. Petroglyph at
Gebel Sheikh Suleiman, near the Second Cataract (Nubia). Probably
First Dynasty. After T. A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt
(London: Routledge, 1999), 178, fig. 5.3. 21
2.3 The jetty at Wadi el- Jarf on the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Fourth
Dynasty. From P. Tallet, “The Wadi el- Jarf Site: A Harbor of Khufu
on the Red Sea,” Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 5(1)
(2013), p. 81, fig. 6. Photograph courtesy Pierre Tallet. 24
2.4 Boat built of imported cedar. From the pyramid complex of
Senwosret III at Dahshur, now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo;
Twelfth Dynasty. Photograph courtesy Pearce Paul Creasman. 27
2.5 Syrian merchant ships arriving at an Egyptian market. Wall painting
from Theban Tomb 162 (Kenamun); Eighteenth Dynasty. After N. de
G. Davies and R. O. Faulkner, “A Syrian Trading Venture in Egypt,”
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 33 (1948), pl. VIII. 31
3.1 Establishing a military campsite; from Horemheb’s Memphite tomb.
After G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries
from the Time of Tutankhamun (London: Thames and Hudson,
1991), 56 fig. 21. Drawing by G. Mumford. 50 vii
viii
viii { List of Illustrations
3.2 A&B: Sety I’s north Sinai forts and way stations. From Karnak
temple. Adapted from A. H. Gardiner, “The Ancient Military Road
between Egypt and Palestine,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6
(1920), pls. 11– 12. Drawing by G. Mumford. 52–53
3.3 Ramesside papyrus map of the Wadi Hammamat. Adapted from
S. Sidebotham, M. Hense, and H. Nouwens, The Red Land: The
Illustrated Archaeology of Egypt’s Eastern Desert (Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 65 fig. 4.3. Drawing by
G. Mumford and C. Childs. 54
4.1 Slaying of the enemies. Karnak temple. Photograph by Bettina
Bader. 67
4.2 Slain enemies. Karnak temple. Photograph by Bettina Bader. 68
4.3 Counting the hands of the fallen enemies. Medinet Habu. Photograph
by Bettina Bader. 69
4.4 Libyans. Medinet Habu. Photograph by Bettina Bader. 75
5.1 Stela commemorating the marriage of Ramesses II and the daughter
of the Hittite king Hattusili: directed at a domestic audience, the
iconography and text affirm Egypt’s superiority. Note that even in
the presence of her father the princess is already Egyptianized. Great
Temple of Rameses II, Abu Simbel; Nineteenth Dynasty, reign of
Ramesses II. Detail from C. R. Lepsius, Denkmaeler aus Aegypten
und Aethiopien, Abtheilung III, Denkmaeler des Neuen Reichs
(Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung, 1853), Bl. 196. 81
5.2 One of the Amarna Letters (EA 27), from Tushratta of Mitanni
to Akhenaten of Egypt, reminding the pharaoh of his obligations.
Creative Commons “VAM - Tuschratta von Mitanni.jpg” by Wolfgang
Sauber (<https:// en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:VAM_ - _ Tuschratta_ von_
Mitanni.jpg); licensed under CC BY 2.0 (https:// creativecommons.
org/ licenses/ by/ 2.0/ legalcode>). 86
6.1 Pharaoh Sety I against Yenoam (east Canaan). Northern exterior
wall of the hypostyle hall at Karnak; east side, second register.
Photograph courtesy Peter Brand. 103
6.2 Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria fighting the fortress-c itadel of Dapur.
Ramesseum. Photograph courtesy Peter Brand. 105
7.1 Map of Egypt and Sinai, showing sites mentioned in the text. Drawn
by Samuel Mark. 116
7.2 Map of the eastern Mediterranean, showing sites mentioned in the
text. Drawn by Samuel Mark. 118
7.3 Map of Nubia, showing sites mentioned in the text. Drawn by Samuel
Mark. 119
8.1 Kerma cemetery deffufa K- II with winged sun disk carved in relief
on the fallen granite lintel (photo by author). Photograph by Stuart
Tyson Smith. 136
ix
List of Illustrations } ix
8.2 Heads from locally made New Kingdom ceramic and wooden coffins
at Tombos. Photograph by Stuart Tyson Smith. 141
8.3 Wearing the Kushite cap- crown and amulets of Amun as a ram,
Pharaoh Tanutamun is led toward Isis by Imsety, one of the
Four Sons of Horus, in a scene from the entrance chamber of the
underground burial complex of his pyramid tomb at el-K urru, near
Napata. Photograph by Stuart Tyson Smith. 143
8.4 A– I, Amulets from burials at Tombos, all but G from the Third
Intermediate Period; B, C, E, F, and H found together (A, eye of
Horus; B, Isis suckling Horus and wearing the crown of Upper and
Lower Egypt; C, Isis suckling Horus and wearing a horned crown
with sun disk and uraei; D, Bat- Hathor with lotus and uraeus crown;
E, Pataikos/I sis; F, Bes from the Third Intermediate Period; G, Bes
from the New Kingdom; H, scarab with unusual offering scene; I,
heart scarab; and J, a monumental Bes column from Taharqa’s rock-
cut Temple B-3 00 at Gebel Barkal. Photographs by Stuart Tyson
Smith. 145
8.5 Figure of Syrian deity, perhaps Ba’al or Reshef, in bronze with gold
and silver overlay. New Kingdom. Courtesy the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art, <http://w ww.lacma.org>. 147
9.1 Clay bulla impressed by a scarab bearing the name of Thutmose
III, excavated in Carthage by A. L. Delattre (1850– 1932). Digital
photograph (above) and four 2D+ models (below) generated by the
Portable Light Dome system (<https://p ortablelightdome.wordpress.
com/> ), from left to right: color sharpen, shaded, radiance scaling,
and sketch mode. © Royal Museums of Art and History Brussels, inv.
O. 4825. 150
9.2 Canaanite Middle Bronze Age scarabs excavated by W. M. F. Petrie
at Tell el- Yahudiya. © Royal Museums of Art and History Brussels,
inv. E.2564, E.2566, E.2567. 157
9.3 Faience scarab manufactured at Beth Shean (belonging to the
so- called Beth Shean Level IX Group), bearing the inscription
sꜤnḫ jmn or Ꜥnḫ.ś n jmn. Private collection. From D. Ben- Tor
and O. Keel, “The Beth- Shean Level IX- Group: A Local Scarab
Workshop of the Late Bronze Age I,” in All the Wisdom of the
East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor
of Eliezer D. Oren, ed. Mayer Gruber, Shmuel Ahituv, Gunnar
Lehmann, and Zipora Talshir (Fribourg: Academic Press/
Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012), fig. 25. Photographs
courtesy of Othmar Keel. 159
9.4 Phoenician scarab in gemasertem Steatit from Dülük Köyü.
Gaziantep Museum, inv. 35.2.86. Photographs courtesy of Günther
Hölbl. 161