ebook img

Petroleum Arbitration PDF

313 Pages·2016·22.11 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Petroleum Arbitration

Petroleum Arbitration: Applicable Law and Appropriate Arbitral Forum (A Study of Petroleum Disputes in Arab Countries) Alsaidi, Abdullah Mohammed The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1844 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] Petroleum Arbitration: Applicable Law Appropriate Arbitral Forum and (A Study Petroleum Disputes in Arab Countries) of Abdullah Mohammed Alsaidi A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment the Requirement for the Award of Doctor Philosophy Queen Mary, University London of of at of February 2004 BL UNW. Abstract Petroleum in in the maintains a primary role world energy market as well as the daily life livelihood Arab and of petroleum countries, since these countries are highly dependent from the this upon revenues exploitation and export of resource. Therefore, the industry is fraught interests, petroleum with conflicts of primarily between developing petroleum exporting countries and petroleum companies by their home developed The sustained states, most of which are countries. majority disputes have been by have been of settled arbitration, most of which controversial. The question of the applicable law to the merits of a dispute is intimately to the tribunals. The related controversies surrounding arbitral prevailing perspective during the 20`h to today, that host of western scholars century, and still an extent was law inadequate, host Therefore, these state was and state courts were partial. scholars held dispute between host be any arising a state and a petroleum company should dealt international dispute be far from host the with as an and should settled away by laws host than that the state's court and governed or rules other of state. This thesis the the examines past and present of petroleum arbitration, determining the to perceptions and practice, and aims suggest a modified method of the law to disputes. It that to the applicable petroleum argues contrary previous the legal infrastructure host has developed the allegations, of states over years and law disputes. It further today to the offers an adequate govern merits of petroleum The focuses thesis suggests a semi-localisation approach. only on arbitration as a disputes, limits itself Arab to method of resolving such and petroleum countries. The have thesis that their argues petroleum contracts own characteristics and therefore be to the ICSID Convention to should not automatically subject or other investment The is for principles of arbitration. time ripe the establishment of a institution disputes specialised to undertake the settlement of arising out of petroleum transactions. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 9 of abbreviations ................................................................................................. Table 11 of cases .............................................................................................................. Index laws, legislations 16 of and conventions ............................................................. General Introduction The Issue Stated 20 - ................................................................. PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 24 .................................................................................. Chapter One: Themes, Hypothesis Methodology 25 and ........................................ 1.1. Themes 29 ................................................................................................................ .. 1.2. Hypothesis 3 3 ........................................................................................................... .. 1.3. "Institutional" (reflection) 37 approach .................................................... 1.4. Methodology 43 ....................................................................................................... .. Chapter Two: The Development Petroleum Arbitration 45- of ............................. .. 1.1859 to 1950 45 ........................................................................................................... .. 1.1. The 46 early period century -19th ............................................................... .. 1.2. Early 20th 47 century .................................................................................... .. 1.3. The American Factor the Post-World War One Distribution 48 and ........... .. 1.4. World War Two Period 51 ........................................................................... .. 2.1951- to 52 present .................................................................................................... .. 2.1. Post World War Two Period 52 ................................................................... .. 2.2. The Early Nationalisation 53 ....................................................................... .. 2.3. The OPEC 55 establishment of .................................................................... .. 2.4. Bilateral Investment Treaties 55 ................................................... 2.5. The Energy Charter Treaty 57 ..................................................... 3. The Development Petroleum Arbitration 59 of .......................................................... .. 3.1. Notion 60 of petroleum arbitration .............................................................. .. 3.2. `Early(cid:30) Disputes 61 ...................................................................................... .. 3.3. From hoc to institutional ICSID 62 ad arbitration - ..................................... .. 3.4. Main 63 characteristics of petroleum arbitration ......................................... .. 3.5. Are disputes investment disputes? 65 petroleum ........................................... 4. Concluding 68 remarks ................................................................................................. PART TWO: THE APPLICABLE LAW TO THE MERITS OF PETROLEUM DISPUTES 70 ................................................................................................................... Introductory 71 remarks ........................................................................... Chapter One: The Practice Examined-The Case Law 74 ....................................... Introductory 74 remarks .................................................................................................... 2.1. Petroleum Development Ltd. Sheikh Abu Dhabi 75 v. of ......................................... (a) The facts 75 ...................................................................................................... (b) The dispute 77 the nature of ............................................................................ (c) Applicable law 79 ............................................................................................ (d) Concluding 80 remarks .................................................................................... 2.2. Ruler Qatar International Marine Oil Company Ltd 82 of v. ..................................... 3 (a) The facts 82 ...................................................................................................... (b) The dispute 83 the nature of ............................................................................ (c) Applicable law 84 ............................................................................................ (d) Concluding 86 remarks .................................................................................... 2.3. Saudi Arabia Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) 87 v. ........................... (a) The facts 87 ...................................................................................................... (b) The the dispute 88 nature of ............................................................................ (c) Applicable law 91 ............................................................................................ (d) Concluding 94 remarks .................................................................................... 2.4. Libyan Cases 97 ......................................................................................................... 97 Introductory remarks ........................................................................................ 2.4.1. BP Exploration Company (Libya) Limited the Government the of v Libyan Arab Republic 97 ...................................................................................... (a) The facts 97 .................................................................................................. dispute 100 (b) The the nature of ...................................................................... 102 (c) Applicable law ...................................................................................... 2.4.2. Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company California Asiatic Oil and 105 Company the Government the Libyan Arab Republic of v. ........................... 105 (a) The facts ................................................................................................ dispute 105 (b) The the nature of ...................................................................... Applicable law 106 c). ...................................................................................... 2.4.3. Libyan American Oil Company (LIAMCO) the Government the of v. 108 Libyan Arab Republic .................................................................................... 108 (a) The facts ................................................................................................ dispute 109 (b) The the nature of ...................................................................... 110 (c) Applicable law ...................................................................................... 112 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................... Oil Company State Kuwait The American Independent 2.5. Government of the of v. 115 (AMINOIL) ................................................................................................................ 115 (a) The facts .................................................................................................... 116 dispute (b) The the nature of .......................................................................... 118 (c) Applicable law .......................................................................................... 119 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................... 122 Chapter Two: The Theories Examined .............................................................. 122 Introductory remarks .................................................................................................. 122 1.1. Determination the Applicable Law of ................................................................. 1.1.1. Determination of the applicable law by the parties (party autonomy). 122 (a) How the the law 124 parties choose ............................................................ 127 (b) Limitations to party autonomy ............................................................. (c) Party in Islamic law (Shari äh) 128 autonomy ............................................ (i) Party in Shari'ah 128 autonomy ............................................ (ii) Conflict laws (party in Arab 131 of autonomy) codifications......... (d) Concluding 132 remarks .......................................................... 1.1.2. Determination the law by the 133 of applicable arbitrators ........................ (a) Introductory 133 remarks ............................................................................ (b) How the the law (the 134 arbitrators choose applicable methods) .............. 1) The lex fori in determination law 136 the the as a guide of applicable .... 2) Application laws of the conflict of system of the country which would have had jurisdiction in 136 the absence of an arbitration clause ................ 4 3) Application of the closest connection rules either to the parties or to (s) 137 the to the arbitrator or place of enforcement ..................................... 4) Cumulative laws (Tronc application of relevant conflict of rules 13 8 com m un) ................................................................................................. 5) Application laws by the the of conflict of system established 139 arbitrators ............................................................................................... 6) Application international law 139 of general principles of private .......... 7) The direct law (voie directe) 139 application of a substantive national ... 8) Application law 140 of a non-national standard ....................................... (c) Limitations 140 on arbitrators' choice ......................................................... 1.1.3. Determination law by in the the of applicable arbitrators petroleum disputes 141 ........................................................................................................... (a) Delocalisation 142 theory ............................................................................ 143 (b) Localisation theory ............................................................................... 147 (c) Semi-Localisation theory ..................................................... 149 1.2. Applicable law substantive ................................................................................. 149 Introductory remarks ................................................................ 1.2.1. Public international law 150 ........................................................................ (a) The international law 150 notion of public .................................................. international 151 (b) Are treaties? petroleum agreements ................................ (c) The in 154 approach practice ....................................................................... 1.2.2. Transnational law (or lex 156 mercatoria) .................................................. 157 (a) The lex notion of mercatoria ................................................................ (b) Does the lex mercatoria constitute a genuine legal system? 158 ................ (c) The in 160 approach practice ....................................................................... law by 163 1.2.3. General principles of recognised civilised nations ................... law 165 (a) The the notion of general principles of .......................................... independent legal 166 (b) Do these principles constitute an system? ............... 169 in (c) The approach practice ....................................................................... 174 1.2.4. Quasi-international agreements ............................................................ 175 (a) The notion of quasi-international agreements ...................................... 176 in (b) The approach practice ...................................................................... 177 1.2.5. UNIDROIT Principles ......................................................................... 177 (a) What UNIDROIT Principles? are ......................................................... (b) The in 178 approach practice ...................................................................... (c) Can these Principles 180 govern petroleum contracts? ............................... 1.2.6. National law 181 ......................................................................................... (a) Which law 181 national .......................................................... (b) Shari 'ah law 184 as national .................................................... 186 1.2.7. Concluding remarks ............................................................................. PART THREE: THE NEW TRENDS CONCERNING PETROLEUM 190 ARBITRATION ......................................................................................................... Chapter One: Doctrinal Background: Sovereign Immunity Public and Policy 191 ................................................................................................................. 191 Introductory remarks .................................................................................................. 1. Sovereign immunity 191 ............................................................................................... 1.1. Immunity from jurisdiction 194 ..................................................................... 1.2. Does immunity? 195 to submission arbitration constitute a waiver of .......... 1.3. Immunity from 19 8 execution ........................................................................ 5 1.4. Distinction between 201 a public act and a private act .................................. 1.5. Is the industry 203 petroleum a commercial activity? ................................... 2. Public policy 208 .......................................................................................................... Introductory remarks 208 ...................................................................................... 2.1. The 209 notion of public policy ................................................................. 2.2. The in Islamic law notion of public policy 210 ......................................... 2.3. The 212 role of public policy ..................................................................... 2.4. The levels 215 of public policy .................................................................. 2.4.1. Domestic international 215 public policy and public policy .............. 2.4.2. Substantive its public policy and overlapping with mandatory rules 219 ........................................................................................................ (a) Substantive 220 public policy .............................................................. (b) Mandatory 222 rules ............................................................................ (c) To does 225 what extent public policy overlap with mandatory rules? Concluding 225 remarks ................................................................................................... Chapter Two: The Solution the International Centre for Settlement of of Investment Disputs (ICSID) 228 ................................................................................ Introductory 228 remarks .................................................................................................. 1. Composition ICSID 229 of ........................................................................................... 1.1. Administrative Council 230 ........................................................................... 1.2. Secretariat 230 ................................................................................................ 1.3. The Panels 231 ............................................................................................... 2. Jurisdiction ICSID 231 of ............................................................................................. 2.1. Consent the 232 of parties .............................................................................. 2.2. Identity (ratione the 237 of parties personae) ................................................ 2.3. Nature dispute (ratione the 240 of materiae) ................................................. (a) Legal dispute 240 ......................................................................................... (b) Investment 241 ............................................................................................ 2.4. Jurisdiction ICSID BITs 243 of under ............................................. 3. The law 245 applicable substantive .............................................................................. 3.1. Which law the 246 can contracting parties choose ........................................ 3.2. Hierarchy laws (national international) 247 of or .......................................... 4. Why Petroleum Disputes Fall Directly Jurisdiction ICSID251 the should not under of Concluding 255 remarks ................................................................................................... Chapter Three: Development Host States Laws National of at and International Level 256 ............................................................................................... Introductory 256 remarks .................................................................................................. 1. The Organisation the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 257 of ......................... 1.1. The OPEC 257 evolution of ........................................................................... 1.2. Principal OPEC 260 aims of .......................................................................... 1.3. Resolution the 16th OPEC Conference (Resolution XVI. 90) 261 of ............ 2. Rules Arab 263 of some petroleum countries ............................................................... 2.1. Legislation 263 ............................................................................................... 2.2. Practice 267 .................................................................................................... Concluding 269 remarks ................................................................................................... Conclusion Proposal 270 and ................................................................... Bibliography 280 ................................................................................. 6 his dedicated ? is fattier, left thesis to the memory of my who us so sudderc4y. 9Lcknow(edgment Misters I Dr. Loukas A for to Professor sultan DM Lew am grateful and , for the thesis supervising and considerad(e assistance andguidance. for her I in am alsogratefuf to my mother constant pray order to seize the moment, daughter for to and my wife and my patiently tolerating my absence and waiting for endlessly my return. 8 Table of abbreviations AAA American Arbitration Association AC Law Reports, House Lords (Appeal Cases) of AJIL American Journal International Law of Arbitration Arbitration, Journal Chartered the of Institute Arbitrators of ASA Bulletin Swiss Arbitration Association Bulletin ASIL Proceedings American Society International Law. of Proceedings BYIL British Yearbook International Law of ICJ International Court Justice of FSIA Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (USA) GAFTA Grain Feed Trade Association and International Chamber Commerce ICC of International Chamber Commerce ICC Bulletin of International Court Arbitration Bulletin of International Council for Commercial ICCA Arbitration International Comparative Law ICLQ and Quarterly ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ICSID Rep International Centre for Settlement Investment of Disputes Reports ILA International Law Association ILM International Legal Materials ILR International Law Reports Iran-US CTR Iran-US Claims Tribunal Reports J Int'l Arb Journal International Arbitration of 9

Description:
of Doctor of Philosophy at Queen Mary, University of London. February 2004. BL World Intellectual Property Organisation. YBCA. Yearbook that the agreement was in Arabic as well as English, points to Islamic law, and export petroleum, asphalt, naphtha, natural greases, ozokerite, and other.
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.