Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering

203 Pages·2015·56.37 MB·English

Petroleum
and Petrochemical
Engineering
Andy Margo
Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering

Petroleum an Petrochemical
d
Engineering
Edited by Andy Margo
Published by White Word Publications,
5 Penn Plaza,
19th Floor,
New York, NY 10001, USA
Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering
Edited by Andy Margo
© 2018 White Word Publications
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-9789-1585-5
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Copyright for all individual chapters
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Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Transformation of ethylene to higher hydrocarbons on silica-supported
Ir catalysts: the nature of carbonaceous deposits 1
Hongwei Yang, Shik Chi Edman Tsang
Chapter 2 Study the efficiency of some compounds as lubricating oil additives 8
Rasha S. Kamal, Nehal S. Ahmed, Amal M. Nasser
Chapter 3 Characterization and activity study of the Rh-substituted pyrochlores for
CO (dry) reforming of CH 16
2 4
Devendra Pakhare, Hongyi Wu, Savinay Narendra, Victor Abdelsayed,
Daniel Haynes, Dushyant Shekhawat, David Berry, James Spivey
Chapter 4 The environmental feasibility of algae biodiesel production 29
Tara Shirvani
Chapter 5 Characterising carbon deposited during pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation:
enhanced TPO methodologies 32
Javed Ali, S. David Jackson
Chapter 6 CO recycling using microalgae for the production of fuels 39
2
M. H. Wilson, J. Groppo , A. Placido, S. Graham, S. A. Morton III,
E. Santillan-Jimenez, A. Shea, M. Crocker, C. Crofcheck, R. Andrews
Chapter 7 A kinetic model for ethylene oligomerization using zirconium/ aluminum- and
nickel/zinc-based catalyst systems in a batch reactor 52
Adil A. Mohammed, Seif-Eddeen K. Fateen, Tamer S. Ahmed, Tarek M. Moustafa
Chapter 8 Characterization of single-chain polymer folding using size exclusion
chromatography with multiple modes of detection 61
Peter Frank, Alka Prasher, Bryan Tuten, Danming Chao, Erik Berda
Chapter 9 Catalysing sustainable fuel and chemical synthesis 70
Adam F. Lee
Chapter 10 Ethanol photoreactions over Au–Pd/TiO 91
2
A. K. Wahab, S. Bashir, Y. Al-Salik, H. Idriss
Chapter 11 Sustainable world through sustainable materials and integrated biorefineries 99
Said Salah Eldin Elnashaie, Firoozeh Danafar, Fakhru’l-Razi Ahmadun
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(cid:57)I (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)
Chapter 12 Preface for the special issue of the 1st Saudi–Chinese Oil Refinery Forum
(1st SCORF 2013) 109
Zi-Feng Yan, Hamid A. Al-Megren
Chapter 13 Study of feed temperature effects on performance of a domestic industrial
PSA plant 112
Ehsan Javadi Shokroo, Mohammad Shahcheraghi, Mehdi Farniaei
Chapter 14 Esterification of cooking oil for biodiesel production using composites
Cs H PW O /ionic liquids catalysts 119
2.5 0.5 12 40
Jianxiang Wu, Yilong Gao, Wei Zhang, Yueyue Tan, Aomin Tang, Yong Men,
Bohejin Tang
Chapter 15 Development of improved catalysts for deep HDS of diesel fuels 127
Syed Ahmed Ali
Chapter 16 The energy challenge 134
Chris Llewellyn Smith
Chapter 17 Environmental impacts of ethylene production from diverse feedstocks and
energy sources 138
Madhav Ghanta, Darryl Fahey, Bala Subramaniam
Chapter 18 Highly active and selective catalyst for synthetic natural gas (SNG) production 151
Yu Huang, Haoyi Chen, Jixin Su, Tiancun Xiao
Chapter 19 Functionalized regio-regular linear polyethylenes from the ROMP of
3-substituted cyclooctenes 159
Henry Martinez, Jihua Zhang, Shingo Kobayashi, Yuewen Xu, Louis M. Pitet,
Megan E. Matta, Marc A. Hillmyer
Chapter 20 Comparing Pt/SrTiO to Rh/SrTiO for hydrogen photocatalytic production
3 3
from ethanol 166
A. K. Wahab, T. Odedairo, J. Labis, M. Hedhili, A. Delavar, H. Idriss
Chapter 21 The feedstock curve: novel fuel resources, environmental conservation, the force
of economics and the renewed east–west power struggle 173
Oliver R. Inderwildi, Fabian Siegrist, Robert Duane Dickson, Andrew J. Hagan
Chapter 22 Dry reforming of methane over ZrO -supported Co–Mo carbide catalyst 182
2
X. Du, L. J. France, V. L. Kuznetsov, T. Xiao, P. P. Edwards, Hamid AlMegren,
Abdulaziz Bagabas
Permissions
List of Contributors
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Preface
This book has been an outcome of determined endeavour from a group of educationists in the field. The primary
objective was to involve a broad spectrum of professionals from diverse cultural background involved in the field
for developing new researches. The book not only targets students but also scholars pursuing higher research for
further enhancement of the theoretical and practical applications of the subject.
Petroleum and petrochemical engineering is an emerging field aimed at production of fuels, natural gases and
petrochemicals. There has been a tremendous surge in the last few decades for exploration of new hydrocarbon
deposits as well as improving the refining and distillation processes for maximum recovery of crude deposits
from the reservoirs. It is a multidisciplinary field that includes concepts and technological aspects of geological,
mechanical, civil and chemical engineering. This book provides an in-depth explanation of the various processes
involved in petroleum and petrochemical engineering such as drilling, processing and technical analysis of
petrochemicals. Some of the significant topics included in this book are design of petroleum plants and reservoirs,
catalysis and synthesis of petrochemicals, reaction engineering, etc. Students, researchers, experts and engineers
associated with petroleum engineering will benefit alike from this book.
It was an honour to edit such a profound book and also a challenging task to compile and examine all the relevant
data for accuracy and originality. I wish to acknowledge the efforts of the contributors for submitting such brilliant
and diverse chapters in the field and for endlessly working for the completion of the book. Last, but not the least;
I thank my family for being a constant source of support in all my research endeavours.
Editor
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1
Transformation of ethylene to higher hydrocarbons
on silica-supported Ir catalysts: the nature of carbonaceous
deposits
Hongwei Yang • Shik Chi Edman Tsang
Abstract The first stage of ethylene decomposition Introduction
followed by second stage of temperature-programmed
surface reduction (H -TPSR) to produce higher hydro- The dependence on oil over last century is expected to be
2
carbons at different temperatures over silica-supported gradually offset in this century by an increasing depen-
iridium catalysts has been investigated. The catalysts for dence on natural gas (the main constituent of which is
the two stepwise reactions are characterized by X-ray methane). Much attention has therefore been paid to
diffraction, Raman and Fourier transformed infrared methane conversion to more commercially useful chemi-
spectroscopies, temperature-programmed reduction, and cals[1].However,directCH conversionintocondensable
4
mass spectroscopy. These studies reveal that ethylene chemicals such as oxygenates (methanol, formaldehyde)
decomposition at low temperatures (B673 K) in the first or higher hydrocarbons pose key technical challenges
stage produces mainly C1 hydrocarbon moieties on the [2,3].Itwasdemonstratedthathigherhydrocarbonscanbe
Ir surface via dissociative adsorption, the sequential formed from methane by a two-stage procedure, namely
hydrogenation in the second stage will give arise to catalytic deposition of carbonaceous species, followed by
CH . The surface polymerization of C to higher Fischer–Tropsch like hydrogenation. They were operated
4 1
hydrocarbon species and metathesis reactions under at different reaction temperatures and conditions in order
these temperatures are also clearly evident. When eth- to overcome thermodynamic limitations [4, 5]. Similar
ylene is decomposed at 773–973 K, stable graphitic processeshavealsobeenreportedusingotherlightalkanes
carbon deposits with poor propensity for hydrogenation [6]. It is interesting to extend this fundamental research to
are obtained. Interestingly, water formed from surface ethylene molecule, which is one of the key petrochemi-
dehydroxylation on silica can produce a significant cals. It is expected that the use of ethylene, an unsaturated
quantity of CO/H with these carbons during the hydrocarbon can facilitate the first stage of carbonaceous
2
H -TPSR at elevated temperature. deposition process hence enabling their surface coupling
2
to higher hydrocarbons in the second stage. It is noted
Keywords Ethylene homologation (cid:2) Iridium catalysts (cid:2) from previous research that a significant quantity of pro-
Hydrocarbon species (cid:2) Propylene metathesis (cid:2) pylene was selectively formed when ethylene was in
Mass spectroscopy contact with cobalt catalyst at elevated temperature [7].
Similar results could also be obtained over Ru catalyst
under defined reaction conditions, suggesting the possi-
bility of obtaining selective higher hydrocarbon products
[8].Thehomologationofethyleneonmetalsurfaces,more
often, was reported in the presence of H [9]. The use of
2
two-step sequence is expected to be more favorable to
H.Yang(cid:2)S.C.E.Tsang(&)
maximize the hydrocarbon chain length than those of
DepartmentofChemistry,WolfsonCatalysisCentre,
co-feedingC H andH [10],whichshouldbesystematically
UniversityofOxford,OxfordOX13QR,UK 2 4 2
e-mail:[email protected] explored.
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