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PESTICIDES Evaluation of Environmental Pollution PESTICIDES Evaluation of Environmental Pollution Edited by Hamir S. Rathore and Leo M.L. Nollet CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120229 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3625-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Further.Readings............................................................................................................................xi Contributors..................................................................................................................................xiii Section I Biocides 1. Uses and Environmental Pollution of Biocides.................................................................3 Mahmoud Farag Mahmoud and Naglaa Loutfy Section II Transposition and Transport of Pesticides 2. Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides............................................................29 Jie Gao, Yu Wang, Bin Gao, Lei Wu, and Hao Chen 3. Degradation of Pesticides....................................................................................................47 O.P. Bansal 4. Pesticide Degradation in Water..........................................................................................79 Pilar Sandín-España and Beatriz Sevilla-Morán 5. Microbial Remediation of Pesticides...............................................................................131 Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif, Mohammad Abdul Bakir, and Haseeb Ahmad Khan Section III Pesticides Residues in the Environment 6. Pesticide Residues in the Environment..........................................................................147 Tomasz Tuzimski 7. Pesticide Residues in the Atmosphere............................................................................203 Teresa Vera Espallardo, Amalia Muñoz, and José Luis Palau 8. Response of Soil Microflora to Pesticides......................................................................233 Mariusz Cycoń and Zofia Piotrowska-Seget 9. Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Groundwater..............................................259 Tatjana Vasiljević, Svetlana Grujić, Marina Radišić, Nikolina Dujaković, and Mila Laušević v vi Contents Section IV Pesticides Residues in Vegetation 10. Pesticide Residues in Vegetation......................................................................................301 Antonia Garrido Frenich, Isabel Ma Campoy Jiménez, Ma del Mar Bayo Montoya, and José Luis Martínez Vidal Section V Pesticides Residues in Animals 11. Pesticide Residues in Aquatic Invertebrates..................................................................319 Sarun Keithmaleesatti, Wattasit Siriwong, Marija Borjan, Kristen Bartlett, and Mark Robson 12. Pesticide Residues in Soil Invertebrates.........................................................................337 Prem Dureja and Rajendra Singh Tanwar 13. Pesticide Residues in Fish..................................................................................................361 Prem Dureja and Hamir Singh Rathore 14. Pesticide Residues in Birds and Mammals....................................................................393 Raimon Guitart Section VI Pesticides and Men 15. Pesticide Residues in Man.................................................................................................467 Sameeh A. Mansour 16. Pesticides and Skin Diseases in Man..............................................................................525 Radoslaw Spiewak 17. Pesticide Residues in Mother’s Milk...............................................................................543 M. Paramasivam, J. Rajeswaran, S. Chandrasekaran, and S. Kuttalam Section VII Pesticides and Food 18. Pesticide Residues in Milk and Milk Products.............................................................575 N. C. Basantia and S. K. Saxena Section VIII Biopesticides 19. Biopesticides.........................................................................................................................587 Rajendra Singh Tanwar, Prem Dureja, and Hamir Singh Rathore Contents vii Section IX Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides 20. Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides.....................................................................................607 Shafiullah, H. S. Rathore, and Leo M. L. Nollet Preface One.kind.word.can.warm.three.winter.months. Japanese proverb The.systematic.pollution.of.the.environment.is.one.of.the.biggest.hazards.that.humanity. faces.today..People.are.becoming.increasingly.aware.of.the.threat.posed.by.pollution.and. governments.are.enacting.legislations.aimed.at.protecting.the.environment..Recognizing. the.need.for.trained.technical.manpower.in.this.area,.many.universities.and.institutions. are.increasingly.offering.courses.related.to.environmental.pollution.and.its.control. Pesticide.is.a.chemical.used.to.control,.repel,.attract,.or.kill.pests,.for.example,.insects,. weeds,.birds,.mammals,.fish,.or.microbes.that.are.considered.to.be.a.nuisance..It.would.be. a.tough.challenge.for.India.and.similar.developed.countries.to.produce.enough.food.for. the.growing.population.(almost.20.million.a.year),.protect.plant,.animal,.and.human.health. and.at.the.same.time.conserve.the.environment..Green.revolution.technologies.have.dou- bled.the.yield.of.rice.and.wheat..Green.revolution.has.been.made.possible.only.with.the. help.of.agrochemicals,.particularly.pesticides..Still.a.considerable.quantity.of.food.prod- ucts.is.destroyed.because.of.pests..The.process.of.chemical.crop.protection.is.profit-induced. poisoning.of.the.environment..Many.surveys.have.indicated.that.the.pesticide.residues.in. the.environment.increase.day.by.day.due.to.their.repeated.and.continuous.use..Chronic. exposure.to.small.amounts.of.residues.through.consumption.of.contaminated.foodstuffs. may.lead.to.suppression.of.the.immune.system,.which.in.turn,.may.render.humans.vul- nerable.to.infectious.diseases..Laboratory.experiments.have.indicated.that.some.pesticide. residues.may.cause.carcinogenicity.on.long.exposure..The.pesticide.residues.also.exhibit. specific.effects.on.species.other.than.the.pests.for.which.they.are.solely.intended..It.is.also. known.that.bodies.of.water,.air,.birds,.and.aquatic.animals.are.constantly.moving.and. transporting.poisons.from.one.region.of.the.globe.to.another..For.example,.DDT.was.used. in.the.fields.of.East.Africa,.but.in.a.few.months,.it.was.found.in.the.water.of.the.Bay.of. Bengal,.that.is,.at.a.distance.of.6000.km.away..The.magnitude.of.the.threat.is.considerable. to.humans.and.the.environment.through.either.deliberate.or.ignorant.misuse.of.pesticides. (e.g.,.using.parathion.to.treat.head.lice)..This.threat.is.considerably.greater.in.developing. countries.where.there.is.little.awareness.of.the.danger.of.pesticide.use.and.inadequate. user.protection. However,.even.in.developed.countries,.users.are.at.considerable.risk.as.a.result.of.the. intensive.use.of.pesticides.despite.more.information.of.the.dangers.and.widespread.user. protection..Pesticide.residue.problems.cannot.therefore.be.regarded.as.specific.only.to. developing.countries. Considerable.amount.of.work.is.being.done.to.develop.nonchemical.methods.of.pest. control,.but.the.stage.where.the.use.of.pesticides.can.be.dispensed.with.has.still.not.been. reached..There.is.general.consensus.that.the.use.of.chemical.pesticides.will.continue. in.the.foreseeable.future..Of.course,.it.is.possible.to.minimize.the.load.of.pesticide.by. selecting.or.synthesizing.suitable.compounds.that.are.applied.at.low.dosages..Recently,. some.new.compounds.such.as.bromine-containing.pesticides,.thiazole.insecticides,.Piper nigrum.extract,.and.phthalamide.derivatives,.which.are.biodegradable.and.possess.high. ix x Preface mammalian.safety.and.low.residual.life.and.are.compatible.with.nontarget.organisms. and.allied.traits,.have.been.developed..This.is.a.highly.encouraging.development. Therefore,.it.is.worthwhile.to.publish.a.book.dealing.with.environmental.pollution.by. pesticides..Keeping.in.view.the.importance.of.this.important.subject,.chapters.were.invited. from.eminent.scientists.working.on.different.research.aspects.of.pesticides..In.this.book,.the. 20.chapters.are.organized.systematically.in.9.sections;.the.chapters.discuss.pesticide.resi- dues.in.detail..Section.I.entitled.‘Biocide’.consists.of.Chapter.1.on.“Uses.and.Environmental. Pollution.of.Biocides”..Section.II.on.‘Transposition and Transport of Pesticides’.has.Chapters.2–5,. which.discuss.“Fate.and.Transport.of.Pesticide.in.the.Environment,”.“Degradation.of. Pesticides,”.“Pesticide.Degradation.in.Water,”.and.“Microbial.Remediation.of.Pesticides.”. Section.III.entitled.‘Pesticides Residues in the Environment’.discusses.“Pesticides.Residues.in. the.Environment,”.“Pesticide.Residues.in.the.Atmosphere,”.“Response.of.Soil.Micro.Flora. to.Pesticides,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Surface.Water.and.Groundwater.”.This.section. includes.Chapters.6–9..Section.IV.covers.‘Pesticides Residues in Vegetation’.in.Chapter.10.. Section.V.‘Pesticides Residues in Animals’.comprises.4.chapters;.Chapters.11–14.on.“Pesticide. Residues.in.Aquatic.Invertebrates,”.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Soil.Invertebrates,”.“Pesticide. Residues.in.fish,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Birds.and.Mammals.”.Section.VI,.‘Pesticides and Men’,.consists.of.three.chapters,.Chapters.15–17.describe.“Pesticide.Residues.in. Man,”.“Pesticides.and.Skin.Diseases.in.Man,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Mother’s.Milk.”. Section.VII.has.Chapter.18.on ‘Pesticides and Food’,.gives.details.of.“Pesticide.Residues.in. Milk.and.Milk.Products”.Section.VIII.is.also.Chapter.19.which.describes.“Biopesticides.”. The.last.Section.IX.covers.“Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides”.in.Chapter.20. We.hope.that.this.book.will.be.immensely.useful.to.the.large.section.of.the.readers.in.the. area.of.chemical–crop.protection.and.environmental.pollution. The.editors.wish.to.thank.the.contributors.for.their.expeditious.response. H.S. Rathore and Leo M.L. Nollet

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"The extent and seriousness of the potential hazards due to pesticides still remains to be fully defined. This handbook discusses all aspects of pesticides residues in the environment. It presents current information on pesticide residues in humans, birds and mammals, fish, soil invertebrates, soil
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