Pesticides : evaluation of environmental pollution

644 Pages·2012·30.18 MB·English

by  Hamir Singh Rathore

PESTICIDES
Evaluation of Environmental Pollution

PESTICIDES
Evaluation of Environmental Pollution
Edited by
Hamir S. Rathore and Leo M.L. Nollet
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Further.Readings............................................................................................................................xi
Contributors..................................................................................................................................xiii
Section I Biocides
1. Uses and Environmental Pollution of Biocides.................................................................3
Mahmoud Farag Mahmoud and Naglaa Loutfy
Section II Transposition and Transport of Pesticides
2. Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides............................................................29
Jie Gao, Yu Wang, Bin Gao, Lei Wu, and Hao Chen
3. Degradation of Pesticides....................................................................................................47
O.P. Bansal
4. Pesticide Degradation in Water..........................................................................................79
Pilar Sandín-España and Beatriz Sevilla-Morán
5. Microbial Remediation of Pesticides...............................................................................131
Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif, Mohammad Abdul Bakir, and Haseeb Ahmad Khan
Section III Pesticides Residues in the Environment
6. Pesticide Residues in the Environment..........................................................................147
Tomasz Tuzimski
7. Pesticide Residues in the Atmosphere............................................................................203
Teresa Vera Espallardo, Amalia Muñoz, and José Luis Palau
8. Response of Soil Microflora to Pesticides......................................................................233
Mariusz Cycoń and Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
9. Pesticide Residues in Surface Water and Groundwater..............................................259
Tatjana Vasiljević, Svetlana Grujić, Marina Radišić, Nikolina Dujaković,
and Mila Laušević
v
vi Contents
Section IV Pesticides Residues in Vegetation
10. Pesticide Residues in Vegetation......................................................................................301
Antonia Garrido Frenich, Isabel Ma Campoy Jiménez, Ma del Mar Bayo Montoya,
and José Luis Martínez Vidal
Section V Pesticides Residues in Animals
11. Pesticide Residues in Aquatic Invertebrates..................................................................319
Sarun Keithmaleesatti, Wattasit Siriwong, Marija Borjan, Kristen Bartlett,
and Mark Robson
12. Pesticide Residues in Soil Invertebrates.........................................................................337
Prem Dureja and Rajendra Singh Tanwar
13. Pesticide Residues in Fish..................................................................................................361
Prem Dureja and Hamir Singh Rathore
14. Pesticide Residues in Birds and Mammals....................................................................393
Raimon Guitart
Section VI Pesticides and Men
15. Pesticide Residues in Man.................................................................................................467
Sameeh A. Mansour
16. Pesticides and Skin Diseases in Man..............................................................................525
Radoslaw Spiewak
17. Pesticide Residues in Mother’s Milk...............................................................................543
M. Paramasivam, J. Rajeswaran, S. Chandrasekaran, and S. Kuttalam
Section VII Pesticides and Food
18. Pesticide Residues in Milk and Milk Products.............................................................575
N. C. Basantia and S. K. Saxena
Section VIII Biopesticides
19. Biopesticides.........................................................................................................................587
Rajendra Singh Tanwar, Prem Dureja, and Hamir Singh Rathore
Contents vii
Section IX Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides
20. Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides.....................................................................................607
Shafiullah, H. S. Rathore, and Leo M. L. Nollet

Preface
One.kind.word.can.warm.three.winter.months.
Japanese proverb
The.systematic.pollution.of.the.environment.is.one.of.the.biggest.hazards.that.humanity.
faces.today..People.are.becoming.increasingly.aware.of.the.threat.posed.by.pollution.and.
governments.are.enacting.legislations.aimed.at.protecting.the.environment..Recognizing.
the.need.for.trained.technical.manpower.in.this.area,.many.universities.and.institutions.
are.increasingly.offering.courses.related.to.environmental.pollution.and.its.control.
Pesticide.is.a.chemical.used.to.control,.repel,.attract,.or.kill.pests,.for.example,.insects,.
weeds,.birds,.mammals,.fish,.or.microbes.that.are.considered.to.be.a.nuisance..It.would.be.
a.tough.challenge.for.India.and.similar.developed.countries.to.produce.enough.food.for.
the.growing.population.(almost.20.million.a.year),.protect.plant,.animal,.and.human.health.
and.at.the.same.time.conserve.the.environment..Green.revolution.technologies.have.dou-
bled.the.yield.of.rice.and.wheat..Green.revolution.has.been.made.possible.only.with.the.
help.of.agrochemicals,.particularly.pesticides..Still.a.considerable.quantity.of.food.prod-
ucts.is.destroyed.because.of.pests..The.process.of.chemical.crop.protection.is.profit-induced.
poisoning.of.the.environment..Many.surveys.have.indicated.that.the.pesticide.residues.in.
the.environment.increase.day.by.day.due.to.their.repeated.and.continuous.use..Chronic.
exposure.to.small.amounts.of.residues.through.consumption.of.contaminated.foodstuffs.
may.lead.to.suppression.of.the.immune.system,.which.in.turn,.may.render.humans.vul-
nerable.to.infectious.diseases..Laboratory.experiments.have.indicated.that.some.pesticide.
residues.may.cause.carcinogenicity.on.long.exposure..The.pesticide.residues.also.exhibit.
specific.effects.on.species.other.than.the.pests.for.which.they.are.solely.intended..It.is.also.
known.that.bodies.of.water,.air,.birds,.and.aquatic.animals.are.constantly.moving.and.
transporting.poisons.from.one.region.of.the.globe.to.another..For.example,.DDT.was.used.
in.the.fields.of.East.Africa,.but.in.a.few.months,.it.was.found.in.the.water.of.the.Bay.of.
Bengal,.that.is,.at.a.distance.of.6000.km.away..The.magnitude.of.the.threat.is.considerable.
to.humans.and.the.environment.through.either.deliberate.or.ignorant.misuse.of.pesticides.
(e.g.,.using.parathion.to.treat.head.lice)..This.threat.is.considerably.greater.in.developing.
countries.where.there.is.little.awareness.of.the.danger.of.pesticide.use.and.inadequate.
user.protection.
However,.even.in.developed.countries,.users.are.at.considerable.risk.as.a.result.of.the.
intensive.use.of.pesticides.despite.more.information.of.the.dangers.and.widespread.user.
protection..Pesticide.residue.problems.cannot.therefore.be.regarded.as.specific.only.to.
developing.countries.
Considerable.amount.of.work.is.being.done.to.develop.nonchemical.methods.of.pest.
control,.but.the.stage.where.the.use.of.pesticides.can.be.dispensed.with.has.still.not.been.
reached..There.is.general.consensus.that.the.use.of.chemical.pesticides.will.continue.
in.the.foreseeable.future..Of.course,.it.is.possible.to.minimize.the.load.of.pesticide.by.
selecting.or.synthesizing.suitable.compounds.that.are.applied.at.low.dosages..Recently,.
some.new.compounds.such.as.bromine-containing.pesticides,.thiazole.insecticides,.Piper
nigrum.extract,.and.phthalamide.derivatives,.which.are.biodegradable.and.possess.high.
ix
x Preface
mammalian.safety.and.low.residual.life.and.are.compatible.with.nontarget.organisms.
and.allied.traits,.have.been.developed..This.is.a.highly.encouraging.development.
Therefore,.it.is.worthwhile.to.publish.a.book.dealing.with.environmental.pollution.by.
pesticides..Keeping.in.view.the.importance.of.this.important.subject,.chapters.were.invited.
from.eminent.scientists.working.on.different.research.aspects.of.pesticides..In.this.book,.the.
20.chapters.are.organized.systematically.in.9.sections;.the.chapters.discuss.pesticide.resi-
dues.in.detail..Section.I.entitled.‘Biocide’.consists.of.Chapter.1.on.“Uses.and.Environmental.
Pollution.of.Biocides”..Section.II.on.‘Transposition and Transport of Pesticides’.has.Chapters.2–5,.
which.discuss.“Fate.and.Transport.of.Pesticide.in.the.Environment,”.“Degradation.of.
Pesticides,”.“Pesticide.Degradation.in.Water,”.and.“Microbial.Remediation.of.Pesticides.”.
Section.III.entitled.‘Pesticides Residues in the Environment’.discusses.“Pesticides.Residues.in.
the.Environment,”.“Pesticide.Residues.in.the.Atmosphere,”.“Response.of.Soil.Micro.Flora.
to.Pesticides,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Surface.Water.and.Groundwater.”.This.section.
includes.Chapters.6–9..Section.IV.covers.‘Pesticides Residues in Vegetation’.in.Chapter.10..
Section.V.‘Pesticides Residues in Animals’.comprises.4.chapters;.Chapters.11–14.on.“Pesticide.
Residues.in.Aquatic.Invertebrates,”.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Soil.Invertebrates,”.“Pesticide.
Residues.in.fish,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Birds.and.Mammals.”.Section.VI,.‘Pesticides
and Men’,.consists.of.three.chapters,.Chapters.15–17.describe.“Pesticide.Residues.in.
Man,”.“Pesticides.and.Skin.Diseases.in.Man,”.and.“Pesticide.Residues.in.Mother’s.Milk.”.
Section.VII.has.Chapter.18.on ‘Pesticides and Food’,.gives.details.of.“Pesticide.Residues.in.
Milk.and.Milk.Products”.Section.VIII.is.also.Chapter.19.which.describes.“Biopesticides.”.
The.last.Section.IX.covers.“Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides”.in.Chapter.20.
We.hope.that.this.book.will.be.immensely.useful.to.the.large.section.of.the.readers.in.the.
area.of.chemical–crop.protection.and.environmental.pollution.
The.editors.wish.to.thank.the.contributors.for.their.expeditious.response.
H.S. Rathore and Leo M.L. Nollet