Pesticide Chemistry Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee Pesticide Chemistry. Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31663-2 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd II 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::0055 1807–2007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Charles Wiley fi rst opened his small printing shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, it was a generation of boundless potential searching for an identity. And we were there, helping to defi ne a new American literary tradition. Over half a century later, in the midst of the Second Industrial Revolution, it was a generation focused on building the future. Once again, we were there, supplying the critical scientifi c, technical, and engineering knowledge that helped frame the world. 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Pesce Peter Booth Wiley President and Chief Executive Offi cer Chairman of the Board 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd IIII 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::0055 Pesticide Chemistry Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd IIIIII 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::0055 The Editors All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Prof. Dr. Hideo Ohkawa publisher do not warrant the information contained Fukuyama University in these books, including this book, to be free of Green Science Res. Center errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that Sanzo, Gakuen-cho 1 statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or Hiroshima, 729-0292 other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Japan Library of Congress Card No.: Dr. Hisashi Miyagawa applied for Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Kyoto, 606-8502 A catalogue record for this book is available from Japan the British Library. Dr. Philip W. Lee Bibliographic information published by the DuPont Ctrl. R & D Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Biochem. Sc. and Engineering The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this P.O. Box 6300 publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografi e; Newark, DE 19714-6300 detailed bibliographic data are available in the USA Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. (cid:164) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfi lm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifi cally marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Composition Manuela Treindl, Laaber Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding Litges & Dopf GmbH, Heppenheim Cover Adam Design, Weinheim WILEY Bicentennial Logo Richard J. Pacifi co Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper ISBN 978-3-527-31663-2 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd IIVV 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::0066 V 11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry August 6–11, 2006, Kobe, Japan Committees and Sponsoring Organizations Executive Committee K. Mori (Japan, Chairperson) Representatives from Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry Japan Society for Environmental Chemistry Japan Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology Japan Society of Environmental Entomology and Zoology Society of Environmental Science, Japan The Food Hygienics Society of Japan The Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants The Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology The Phytopathological Society of Japan The Weed Science Society of Japan Advisory Board T. Ueno (Japan) K. D. Racke (IUPAC, USA) J. Harr (Switzerland) I. Yamaguchi (Japan) Organizing Committee H. Ohkawa (Japan, Chairperson) I. Ueyama (Japan) H. Abe (Japan) N. K. Umetsu (Japan) H. Miyagawa (Japan) A. Katayama (Japan) H. Matsumoto (Japan) K. Tanaka (Japan) M. Sasaki (Japan, Chief Secretariat) Pesticide Chemistry. Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31663-2 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd VV 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0088::3344 VI 11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry Scientifi c Program Committee H. Miyagawa (Japan, Chairperson) T. Ando (Japan) T. Asami (Japan) E. Carazo (Costa Rica) J. M. Clark (USA) G. Donn (Germany) A. Felsot (USA) R. Feyereisen (France) Y. Hashidoko (Japan) S.-R. Jiang (China) A. Katayama (Japan) Y.-H. Kim (Korea) S. Kuwahara (Japan) K. Kuwano (Japan) P. W. Lee (USA) H. Matsumoto (Japan) H. Miyoshi (Japan) S. Powles (Australia) U. Schirmer (Germany) M. Skidmore (UK) K. Tanaka (Japan) T. Teraoka (Japan) H. Yamamoto (Japan) J. A. Zabkiewicz (New Zealand) 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd VVII 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0088::3344 VII Preface The 11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry was held from August 6–11, 2006, in Kobe, Japan. Since the 5th Congress held in Kyoto in 1982, this was the second time that the Congress took place in Japan. During this 24-year time period, we witnessed dramatic changes in science and technology around pesticides. The Congress’ subtitle, “Evolution for Crop Protection, Public Health and Environmental Safety”, focused on the current situation surrounding pesticides, which are now more commonly referred to as agrochemicals. Pesticides or agrochemicals have played not only a critical role in the production of food and feed to support the growing world population’s demands, but also in control of infectious diseases transmitted by insect vectors and microorganisms. Advances in technologies such as computational chemistry, automated high- throughput biological screens, crop genetics, biotechnology, formulations, and precision agriculture have offered novel tools in the discovery and development of new agrochemicals. For example, new chemical classes such as the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides, the neonicotinoid insecticides, and the strobilurin fungicides were signifi cant discoveries during this 24-year period. Public concerns pay more attention to risk assessment and risk management of pesticide use regarding human health and environmental safety. The discovery of “safer” pesticides with new modes of action becomes the challenge of the new generation of pesticide scientists. One of the highlights of this Kobe Congress was the presentation of a novel class of insecticides (RynaxypyrTM and fl ubendiamide) which target specifi cally the insect ryanodine receptor. For example, RynaxypyrTM showed laboratory and fi eld activities on all major lepidoptera pests at a low rate of 0.01 ppm (equivalent to approximately 10 g/ha). Furthermore, a 350+-fold difference in safety/selectivity was observed between mammalian and insect cell targets. Both compounds show a great safety margin to non-target organisms. These attributes set new standards for new safe and active insecticides. The high cost of conducting pesticide research and discovery, along with the ever-increasing pesticide registration requirements and regulations, also have a negative impact on the advances of pesticide science. With an estimated cost of approximately 200 million USD and 11 years to bring a new pesticide from discovery to the market place, this economic pressure resulted in a signifi cant consolidation of the agrochemical business during the past 10+ years. Today, fewer than 10 major agrochemical companies remain. Important products Pesticide Chemistry. Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31663-2 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd VVIIII 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::3333 VIII Preface such as the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicides are withdrawn/canceled due to the high cost of re-registration, unfavorable acute human toxicity, and/or environmental persistence issues. The cancellation of these products has a signifi cant impact on farmers, especially in developing countries. It is a continuous loss of useful tools in crop protection and public health protection. The topics of global harmonization of pesticide residues (MRL) and vector-borne communicable diseases were addressed in this Congress. On a more positive note, presentations on new technologies and approaches from this Congress offer a bright future for discovery of a new generation of low use rate, highly selective, and environmentally friendly products. The Congress had 1142 participants from 52 countries. The Congress’ scientifi c program included the keynote address, 4 plenary lectures, and approximately 110 session lectures. In addition to the platform lectures, more than 550 posters were submitted. The poster award committee selected three excellent papers from each of three categorized presentations. The fi rst paper in each category was also awarded by IUPAC. This publication includes the keynote address, 4 plenary lectures, and one or two papers in each of 20 sessions, and the posters awarded by IUPAC. We take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts from members of the organizing and programming committees, along with the help from countless volunteers. We also need to point out several novel programs implemented at this Congress, including the Research Director Forum, the programming of the special luncheon and evening seminars, and the publication of the Congress News Letter (Kobe Gazette). The publication of the Congress Proceeding is a time-honored tradition for the IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry. This Proceeding not only accurately documents the scientifi c contents of this Conference, but also highlights signifi cant advances and important issues facing pesticide science and technology. The Editorial Team expresses our appreciation to Wiley-VCH (Germany) and Dr. Frank O. Weinreich for the publication of this Proceeding. In particular, we gratefully acknowledge the dedicated editorial support provided by Ms. Carol Ashman. Finally, this Proceeding is dedicated to all past and present pesticide scientists; it is their vision and creativity that continue to push back the frontier of pesticide sciences. We look forward to seeing you at the 12th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, in Melbourne, Australia, 2010. Editorial Team Hideo Ohkawa (Kobe, Japan) Hisashi Miyagawa (Kyoto, Japan) Philip W. Lee (Newark, DE, USA) 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd VVIIIIII 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::3333 IX Contents 11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry V Preface VII List of Contributors XXVII I Keynote and Plenary Lectures 1 1 Challenges and Opportunities in Crop Production Over the Next Decade 3 James C. Collins, Jr. 1.1 Meeting Society’s Agricultural Needs 3 1.2 Global Trends and Uncertainties 3 1.3 Grain Stocks 5 1.4 Exchange Rates 6 1.5 Biofuels 8 1.6 Counterfeit Products 9 1.7 Product Commercialization 10 1.8 Convergence of Factors 11 2 Searching Environmentally Benign Methods for Pest Control: Refl ections of a Synthetic Chemist 13 Kenji Mori 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Pesticides and Our Daily Life 13 2.3 Contributions in Pesticides Discovery by Japanese Scientists 14 2.4 Natural Products Synthesis and Pesticide Science 16 2.5 Enantioselective Pheromone Synthesis and Pesticide Science 18 2.6 Conclusion 21 2.7 References 21 Pesticide Chemistry. Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Edited by Hideo Ohkawa, Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31663-2 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd IIXX 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::5522 X Contents 3 The Current Status of Pesticide Management in China 23 Yong Zhen Yang 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The Current Direction of Pesticide R&D in China 23 3.2.1 The Status of Pesticide Production and Usage in China 24 3.2.2 Pesticide Regulation and Management Systems in China 24 3.3 China’s Policies in Pesticide Regulation and Management 26 3.4 The Regulatory Infrastructure within China in the Regulation of Pesticide 27 3.5 Key Administrative Actions on Pesticide Management 27 3.6 Future Direction of Pesticide Regulation in China 28 3.7 Conclusion 28 4 Pesticide Residues in Food and International Trade: Regulation and Safety Considerations 29 Kenneth D. Racke 4.1 Introduction 29 4.2 Globalization of the Food Chain 30 4.3 Regulation of Pesticide Residues in Food 31 4.3.1 The World Food Code and Codex MRLs 31 4.3.2 U.S. Tolerances 33 4.3.3 Japan MRLs 33 4.3.4 EU MRLs 34 4.4 Disharmonized MRLs, Monitoring, and Consumer Safety 35 4.5 Recent Trends 37 4.5.1 Improvements in the Codex Sytem 37 4.5.2 Regionalization of MRL Policies 37 4.5.3 Growth of Private Standards 38 4.5.4 Communication of MRL Information 38 4.5.5 Adoption of Practices to Preempt or Mitigate Residue Issues 39 4.6 Conclusion 40 4.7 Acknowledgments 40 4.8 References 41 5 Hunger and Malnutrition Amidst Plenty: What Must be Done? 43 Shivaji Pandey, Prabhu Pingali 5.1 Introduction 43 5.2 The Current Situation 44 5.3 What Must be Done? 46 5.3.1 National Commitment and Good Governance 46 5.3.2 Investment in Rural Infrastructure 47 5.3.3 Improving Irrigation Infrastructure 47 5.3.4 Improving Soil Fertility 47 5.3.5 Improved Agricultural Technologies 48 5.3.6 Energy Supply Needs to be Improved 48 11334411vvcchh0000..iinndddd XX 2233..0033..22000077 1133::0099::5522
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