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PSIR · PALGRAVE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pessimism in International Relations Provocations, Possibilities, Politics Edited by Tim Stevens Nicholas Michelsen Palgrave Studies in International Relations Series Editors Mai’a K. Davis Cross Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA Benjamin de Carvalho Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Oslo, Norway Shahar Hameiri University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Knud Erik Jørgensen University of Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark Ole Jacob Sending Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Oslo, Norway Ayşe Zarakol University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Palgrave Studies in International Relations (the EISA book series), pub- lished in association with European International Studies Association, provides scholars with the best theoretically-informed scholarship on the global issues of our time. The series includes cutting-edge mon- ographs and edited collections which bridge schools of thought and cross the boundaries of conventional fields of study. EISA mem- bers can access a 50% discount to PSIR, the EISA book series, here http://www.eisa-net.org/sitecore/content/be-bruga/mci-registra- tions/eisa/login/landing.aspx. Mai’a K. Davis Cross is the Edward W. Brooke Professor of Political Science at Northeastern University, USA, and Senior Researcher at the ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Norway. Benjamin de Carvalho is a Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Norway. Shahar Hameiri is Associate Professor of International Politics and Associate Director of the Graduate Centre in Governance and International Affairs, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. Knud Erik Jørgensen is Professor of International Relations at Aarhus University, Denmark, and at Yaşar University, Izmir, Turkey. Ole Jacob Sending is the Research Director at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Norway. Ayşe Zarakol is Reader in International Relations at the University of Cambridge and a fellow at Emmanuel College, UK. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14619 Tim Stevens · Nicholas Michelsen Editors Pessimism in International Relations Provocations, Possibilities, Politics Editors Tim Stevens Nicholas Michelsen Department of War Studies Department of War Studies King’s College London King’s College London London, UK London, UK Palgrave Studies in International Relations ISBN 978-3-030-21779-2 ISBN 978-3-030-21780-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21780-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image: © Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland A cknowledgements The editors would like to thank all the contributors for their hard work and enthusiasm for the project. Many were attendees at a work- shop, ‘Pessimism in International Relations’, held in September 2017 at King’s College London, sponsored by the British International Studies Association (BISA) Poststructural Politics Working Group. We thank Aggie Hirst, Tahseen Kazi and Christina Oelgemoller for facili- tating the workshop and Bisi Olulode for logistics. Also in attendance at the workshop were Antoine Bousquet, Lara Montesinos Coleman, Stephan Engelkamp, Evren Eken, Alvina Hoffmann, Shir Ben-Naftali and Seán Molloy, all of whom contributed ideas that have helped shape this volume in various ways. We also thank the participants of the European International Studies Association section on ‘Pessimism and International Relations’ held in Prague in September 2018, whose pres- entations, contributions and vibrant debates greatly helped the project. In particular, we thank Beate Jahn, Jeff Huysmans, Felix Berenskoetter and Vassilios Paipais for their contributions. We also sincerely thank Sarah Roughley, Mary Fata and the team at Palgrave Macmillan for their support and advice and Josh Bryson for the index. v c ontents 1 Introduction: The Problems of Pessimism 1 Tim Stevens and Nicholas Michelsen Part I Histories of Pessimism 2 Pessimism in International Relations 13 Richard Ned Lebow 3 The Romance of Realism: Pessimism as Tragedy 37 Ronnie Hjorth 4 Cassirer, Fatalism and Political Myth: Historical Lessons in the Consequences of Pessimism for International Relations 53 Mark Bailey 5 Liberal Pessimism: An Intellectual History of Suspicion in the Cold War 67 Dillon Stone Tatum vii viii CONTENTS 6 Productive Pessimism: Rehabilitating John Herz’s Survival Research for the Anthropocene 83 Tim Stevens Part II Pessimisms Today 7 The Global Politics of Ugly Feelings: Pessimism and Resentment in a Mimetic World 101 Elisabetta Brighi 8 Pessimism and the Alt-Right: Knowledge, Power, Race and Time 119 Nicholas Michelsen and Pablo de Orellana 9 The Pessimism of the Shipwreck: Theorising Μigration in International Relations 137 Myriam Fotou 10 The Pessimism Traps of Indigenous Resurgence 155 Sheryl R. Lightfoot 11 After Pessimism? Affirmative Approaches to the Anthropocene 173 David Chandler 12 Afterword: The New Pessimism in Twenty-First- Century World Politics 191 Philip G. Cerny Index 205 n c otes on ontributors Mark Bailey is Assistant Professor in Politics in the School of International Studies at the University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. Before joining UNNC he worked in a series of teaching posi- tions at Nottingham, Sheffield, UCL and Lancaster universities in the UK, specialising in the fields of International Political Economy and International Relations. His research interests revolve around the use of political myth in discourses of globalisation; the ‘anti-globalisation’ movement (especially the mythologising of the movement from within); US foreign policy in the post-1945 period; and the political philosophies of Ernst Cassirer, Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin. Elisabetta Brighi is Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Westminster, London, UK. Her research looks at international security, international political theory and foreign policy, on which she has published widely. Her latest book is Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics and International Relations: The Case of Italy (Routledge, 2013). She is currently working on a monograph, ‘Security, Aesthetic and Camouflage in the City’. Philip G. Cerny is Professor Emeritus of Politics and Global Affairs at the University of Manchester and Rutgers University-Newark. He pre- viously taught at the University of York and the University of Leeds. He has been a visiting fellow at the Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Sciences Po and the University of Tasmania, and a visiting professor at Dartmouth College and New York University. His books include, The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle’s Foreign ix x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Policy (Cambridge University Press, 1980), The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State (Sage, 1990) and Rethinking World Politics: A Theory of Transnational Neopluralism (Oxford University Press, 2010). David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, London, UK. His recent monographs include: Becoming Indigenous: Governing Imaginaries in the Anthropocene (Rowman and Littlefield, 2019, with Julian Reid); Ontopolitics in the Anthropocene: An Introduction to Mapping, Sensing and Hacking (Routledge, 2018); International Peacebuilding: The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1997–2017 (Palgrave, 2017); The Neoliberal Subject: Resilience, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Rowman and Littlefield, 2016, with Julian Reid); and, Resilience: The Governance of Complexity (Routledge, 2014). Pablo de Orellana is a Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of War Studies, King’s College London, UK. His research focuses on the role of identity in diplomacy, nationalism, International Relations theory and art history. His Ph.D. looked at how diplomacy constructs knowledge about political subjects. He has published articles on the history and mechanics of nationalist ideas, diplomatic communi- cation, the role of identity in diplomacy and an upcoming monograph on the diplomacy of the First Vietnam War. He is currently researching the latest evolutions in nationalist thought and movements in Europe and America. Myriam Fotou is Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Leicester, UK. Her research aims to create a distinctive ethics of hospital- ity, which functions as a way of thinking about the relationship between representation and humanisation, of being alert to precarious life, and of responding to the ‘missing’ Other or the ‘unmissed’ Other, that is, an Other who may be present in the Western imaginary, but who, nonethe- less, does not possess any clear status or agency; who is ‘illegal’ in her pres- ence, exists in a legal vacuum, or is a figure of destitution or liminality. Ronnie Hjorth is Professor of Political Science at the Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm, Sweden. He specialises in international polit- ical theory, political theory, international ethics and international society. He has published recently in Journal of International Political Theory, De Ethica and Review of International Studies, and his latest book is Equality in International Society: A Reappraisal (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

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