Perspectives on Animal Behavior

546 Pages·2009·26.38 MB·English

by  Judith Goodenough

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Perspectives on Animal Behavior
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Perspectives on Animal Behavior
Third Edition
Judith Goodenough
Biology Department / University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Betty McGuire
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology / Cornell University, Ithaca
Elizabeth Jakob
Psychology Department / University of Massachusetts, Amherst
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goodenough, Judith.
Perspectives on animal behavior / Judith Goodenough, Betty
McGuire, Elizabeth Jakob.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 978–0–470–04517–6 (cloth)
1. Animal behavior. I. McGuire, Betty. II. Jakob, Elizabeth M.
III. Title.
QL751.G59 2010
591.5—dc22 2009013360
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my husband, Stephen Goodenough,
my daughters Aimee and Heather,
and my mother, Betty Levrat.
J. G.
In loving memory of James Patrick McGuire.
To Willy, Kate, and Owen Bemis,
and to Dora, Kevin, and Cathy McGuire.
B. M.
To Adam Porter and Margaret Dringoli, with love and gratitude.
E. J.
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Preface
Outside the window, male ruby-throated humming- underpinnings, outward to its environment, and back in
birds newly returned from wintering in Central time to its evolutionary origins. Thus, animal behavior
America are brightening this early May day in the draws together fields of study that might often seem,
northeastern United States. The remarkable annual especially to a student early in his or her academic
migration of these tiny birds is a behavioral story in its career, to have little to do with one another. Our hope
own right, complete with a long, foodless crossing of is that readers of this book will see that the facts learned
the Gulf of Mexico to return to breeding areas they left in different courses are connected after all.
here more than six months before. But today it is the The authors of this third edition share a deep
behavior of the males that is the most immediate–they interest in animal behavior, from the standpoints of
are claiming or in some cases reclaiming feeding terri- teaching, writing, and research. Yet each brings to this
tories through dramatic aerial displays and battles. In a project a very different perspective. Judith
week or so the females will arrive and the interactions Goodenough, from the Department of Biology at the
will further intensify, as the breeding season gets under University of Massachusetts Amherst, has led the
way. Watching and understanding these behaviors charge from the very first edition of this text. Judith has
offers ways to engage nature in new and deeper ways, studied biological rhythms in creatures from planaria
and it places our own lives in the context of the other to finches to deer mice (not to mention in the green
animals that share the planet with us. alga Chlamydomonas). Betty McGuire, from the
This brief foray into the easily observed lives of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at
hummingbirds illustrates a simple point: animal behav- Cornell University, who wrote eight chapters for the
ior is engaging to watch, as evidenced by the popularity first edition of the book but stepped down from the
of nature shows on both small and big screens. In fact, second edition because of other obligations, returns to
those of us fortunate enough to offer a course in animal this third edition. Betty’s research focuses on parental
behavior are often told by our colleagues how lucky we behavior, reproduction, and ecology of small mammals,
are to teach a subject that people of all backgrounds and she occasionally dabbles in work with larger
find fascinating. There is something very appealing in domestic animals such as dogs and horses. In addition
learning about the often bizarre lives going on around to Perspectives in Animal Behavior, Judith and Betty have
us, sometimes literally under our noses. coauthored Human Biology: Personal, Environmental, and
Besides satisfying our natural curiosity, the study of Social Concerns and Biology of Humans: Concepts,
animal behavior is truly interdisciplinary. To deeply Applications, and Issues. Elizabeth Jakob, from the
understand an animal’s behavior, we must look both Department of Psychology at the University of
inward to its genetic, morphological, and physiological Massachusetts Amherst, joins the team of authors. Beth
vii
viii Preface
studies the behavior of spiders, asking questions about
CHANGES AND UPDATES TO
their learning, perception, and interactions with con-
THE THIRD EDITION
specifics and with other species. She has carried out
field projects in California, Mexico, Massachusetts, and
We added new features to this edition to promote crit-
Maine, and she also does laboratory experiments when
ical thinking, active learning, and the development of
the questions or the long Massachusetts winters
vocabulary. We retained certain features from previous
demand it. She coauthored the fifth edition of Animal
editions, such as the outlines at the start of each chapter
Behavior: Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution and co-edited
and the summary at the end, to help students organize
the laboratory manual Learning the Skills of Research:
material and identify key concepts.
Laboratory and Field Exercises in Animal Behavior.
Collectively, the three of us have taught courses rang-
NEW STOP AND THINK QUESTIONS
ing from large lectures for nonmajors to upper division
courses in animal behavior, vertebrate biology, and Each chapter has at least one Stop and Think Question
evolution. designed to encourage students to pause from reading
Our goals and basic approach remain the same as in the text, think about the information they have just read,
the first two editions: to help students understand the and apply it to a new situation. Many of these questions
history, mechanisms, development, function, and evo- focus on experimental design, methodology, or ethics.
lution of behavior. To this end we introduce the major
approaches to the study of animal behavior and show
NEW BOLD TERMS AND GLOSSARY
how these diverse approaches can be integrated to pro-
vide a more complete understanding of any particular Key terms in each chapter are now set in bold type
behavior. Because courses in animal behavior are offered when first formally introduced. These terms and others
in biology, psychology, and animal science departments, of lesser importance are included in the new glossary at
we include basic background material-for example, in the end of the book.
genetics, neurophysiology, and endocrinology–to ensure
that each chapter can stand alone and that each con- INCREASED EMPHASIS ON ALTERNATIVE
tains information accessible to students with different HYPOTHESES
backgrounds. Within each chapter, the examples we
To increase our coverage of the ways in which scientists
develop provide a balance between classic and recent
design and carry out research in animal behavior, we
studies. Throughout the text we use clear and engaging
added many new in-depth examples to illustrate the
writing to explain potentially complex topics such as
importance of developing and testing alternative
behavioral genomics and mathematical models of
hypotheses. These examples will help students under-
behavior.
stand how research is conducted and allow them to bet-
In organization, this third edition begins in much
ter design their own experiments and to evaluate the
the same way as previous editions, with an introduc-
primary literature of animal behavior.
tory chapter on hypothesis testing, followed by Part 1
on approaches to the study of animal behavior. These
INCREASED COVERAGE OF SEVERAL KEY
early chapters present students with the questions
AREAS
asked and methods used by scientists working in sub-
fields of animal behavior such as behavioral genetics, In response to current events and reviewer comments,
behavioral endocrinology, and behavioral ecology. Part we increased our coverage of the growing interactions
2 focuses on how behavior relates to the survival of between the fields of animal behavior and conservation
individuals and includes chapters, for example, examin- biology. In particular, we include examples that demon-
ing how animals find places to live, feed, and avoid strate how studies of behavior yield information critical
being eaten. The chapters in Part 3 focus on interac- to conservation efforts. We also address ethical issues in
tions between individuals, such as those between behavioral research, and on the flip side, we examine
mates, parents and offspring, competitors, or collabo- how behavioral research provides information essential
rators. We also describe communication in detail to improving the lives of captive animals. This edition
before moving on to exploring how it is used in con- also includes more examples from the fields of human
flict and cooperation. behavior and applied animal behavior.