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Perspectives on Animal Behavior PDF

546 Pages·2009·26.38 MB·English
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This page intentionally left blank Perspectives on Animal Behavior This page intentionally left blank Perspectives on Animal Behavior Third Edition Judith Goodenough Biology Department / University of Massachusetts, Amherst Betty McGuire Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology / Cornell University, Ithaca Elizabeth Jakob Psychology Department / University of Massachusetts, Amherst John Wiley & Sons, Inc. VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Kaye Pace SENIOR ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Kevin Witt EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Alissa Etrheim EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Jenna Paleski PRODUCTION SERVICES MANAGER Dorothy Sinclair SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR Janet Foxman EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Clay Stone CREATIVE DIRECTOR Harry Nolan SENIOR DESIGNER Kevin Murphy PHOTO EDITOR Sheena Goldstein SENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITOR Anna Melhorn SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR Linda Muriello PRODUCTION SERVICES Cécile Billioti de Gage/ Preparé COVER DESIGN M77 Design COVER PHOTO Richard Packwood/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 Janson by Preparé and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 8 Copyright © 2010, 2001, 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service, please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goodenough, Judith. Perspectives on animal behavior / Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, Elizabeth Jakob.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 978–0–470–04517–6 (cloth) 1. Animal behavior. I. McGuire, Betty. II. Jakob, Elizabeth M. III. Title. QL751.G59 2010 591.5—dc22 2009013360 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my husband, Stephen Goodenough, my daughters Aimee and Heather, and my mother, Betty Levrat. J. G. In loving memory of James Patrick McGuire. To Willy, Kate, and Owen Bemis, and to Dora, Kevin, and Cathy McGuire. B. M. To Adam Porter and Margaret Dringoli, with love and gratitude. E. J. This page intentionally left blank Preface Outside the window, male ruby-throated humming- underpinnings, outward to its environment, and back in birds newly returned from wintering in Central time to its evolutionary origins. Thus, animal behavior America are brightening this early May day in the draws together fields of study that might often seem, northeastern United States. The remarkable annual especially to a student early in his or her academic migration of these tiny birds is a behavioral story in its career, to have little to do with one another. Our hope own right, complete with a long, foodless crossing of is that readers of this book will see that the facts learned the Gulf of Mexico to return to breeding areas they left in different courses are connected after all. here more than six months before. But today it is the The authors of this third edition share a deep behavior of the males that is the most immediate–they interest in animal behavior, from the standpoints of are claiming or in some cases reclaiming feeding terri- teaching, writing, and research. Yet each brings to this tories through dramatic aerial displays and battles. In a project a very different perspective. Judith week or so the females will arrive and the interactions Goodenough, from the Department of Biology at the will further intensify, as the breeding season gets under University of Massachusetts Amherst, has led the way. Watching and understanding these behaviors charge from the very first edition of this text. Judith has offers ways to engage nature in new and deeper ways, studied biological rhythms in creatures from planaria and it places our own lives in the context of the other to finches to deer mice (not to mention in the green animals that share the planet with us. alga Chlamydomonas). Betty McGuire, from the This brief foray into the easily observed lives of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at hummingbirds illustrates a simple point: animal behav- Cornell University, who wrote eight chapters for the ior is engaging to watch, as evidenced by the popularity first edition of the book but stepped down from the of nature shows on both small and big screens. In fact, second edition because of other obligations, returns to those of us fortunate enough to offer a course in animal this third edition. Betty’s research focuses on parental behavior are often told by our colleagues how lucky we behavior, reproduction, and ecology of small mammals, are to teach a subject that people of all backgrounds and she occasionally dabbles in work with larger find fascinating. There is something very appealing in domestic animals such as dogs and horses. In addition learning about the often bizarre lives going on around to Perspectives in Animal Behavior, Judith and Betty have us, sometimes literally under our noses. coauthored Human Biology: Personal, Environmental, and Besides satisfying our natural curiosity, the study of Social Concerns and Biology of Humans: Concepts, animal behavior is truly interdisciplinary. To deeply Applications, and Issues. Elizabeth Jakob, from the understand an animal’s behavior, we must look both Department of Psychology at the University of inward to its genetic, morphological, and physiological Massachusetts Amherst, joins the team of authors. Beth vii viii Preface studies the behavior of spiders, asking questions about CHANGES AND UPDATES TO their learning, perception, and interactions with con- THE THIRD EDITION specifics and with other species. She has carried out field projects in California, Mexico, Massachusetts, and We added new features to this edition to promote crit- Maine, and she also does laboratory experiments when ical thinking, active learning, and the development of the questions or the long Massachusetts winters vocabulary. We retained certain features from previous demand it. She coauthored the fifth edition of Animal editions, such as the outlines at the start of each chapter Behavior: Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution and co-edited and the summary at the end, to help students organize the laboratory manual Learning the Skills of Research: material and identify key concepts. Laboratory and Field Exercises in Animal Behavior. Collectively, the three of us have taught courses rang- NEW STOP AND THINK QUESTIONS ing from large lectures for nonmajors to upper division courses in animal behavior, vertebrate biology, and Each chapter has at least one Stop and Think Question evolution. designed to encourage students to pause from reading Our goals and basic approach remain the same as in the text, think about the information they have just read, the first two editions: to help students understand the and apply it to a new situation. Many of these questions history, mechanisms, development, function, and evo- focus on experimental design, methodology, or ethics. lution of behavior. To this end we introduce the major approaches to the study of animal behavior and show NEW BOLD TERMS AND GLOSSARY how these diverse approaches can be integrated to pro- vide a more complete understanding of any particular Key terms in each chapter are now set in bold type behavior. Because courses in animal behavior are offered when first formally introduced. These terms and others in biology, psychology, and animal science departments, of lesser importance are included in the new glossary at we include basic background material-for example, in the end of the book. genetics, neurophysiology, and endocrinology–to ensure that each chapter can stand alone and that each con- INCREASED EMPHASIS ON ALTERNATIVE tains information accessible to students with different HYPOTHESES backgrounds. Within each chapter, the examples we To increase our coverage of the ways in which scientists develop provide a balance between classic and recent design and carry out research in animal behavior, we studies. Throughout the text we use clear and engaging added many new in-depth examples to illustrate the writing to explain potentially complex topics such as importance of developing and testing alternative behavioral genomics and mathematical models of hypotheses. These examples will help students under- behavior. stand how research is conducted and allow them to bet- In organization, this third edition begins in much ter design their own experiments and to evaluate the the same way as previous editions, with an introduc- primary literature of animal behavior. tory chapter on hypothesis testing, followed by Part 1 on approaches to the study of animal behavior. These INCREASED COVERAGE OF SEVERAL KEY early chapters present students with the questions AREAS asked and methods used by scientists working in sub- fields of animal behavior such as behavioral genetics, In response to current events and reviewer comments, behavioral endocrinology, and behavioral ecology. Part we increased our coverage of the growing interactions 2 focuses on how behavior relates to the survival of between the fields of animal behavior and conservation individuals and includes chapters, for example, examin- biology. In particular, we include examples that demon- ing how animals find places to live, feed, and avoid strate how studies of behavior yield information critical being eaten. The chapters in Part 3 focus on interac- to conservation efforts. We also address ethical issues in tions between individuals, such as those between behavioral research, and on the flip side, we examine mates, parents and offspring, competitors, or collabo- how behavioral research provides information essential rators. We also describe communication in detail to improving the lives of captive animals. This edition before moving on to exploring how it is used in con- also includes more examples from the fields of human flict and cooperation. behavior and applied animal behavior.

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Perspectives on Animal Behavior introduces biologists and psychologists to the scientific reasoning and methodology in the field while also addressing development and mechanisms. Rather than just focusing on evolutionary behavior, the book presents a variety of different perspectives including genet
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.