Perspectives of Fullerene Nanotechnology PDF
Preview Perspectives of Fullerene Nanotechnology
PERSPECTIVES OF FULLERENE NANOTECHNOLOGY Perspectives of Fullerene Nanotechnology Edited by Eiji Osawa Nanocarbon Research Institute, Chiba, Japan "~. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available ISBN 978-94-010-9600-3 ISBN 978-94-010-9598-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-9598-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers PO Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, USA In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, PO Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2002 No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents Forewords IX Eiji Osawa Part I. Plenary Lectures Past, Present and Future of Fullerene Nanotubes: Buckytubes 3 Daniel T. Colbert and Richard E. Smalley Novel Nanostructures: from Metal-Filled Carbon Nanotubes to MgO Nanoferns 11 N. Grobert, W. K. Hsu, Harold W. Kroto, M. Mayne, M. Terrones, P. Watts, R. Whitby, D. R. M. Walton and Y. Q. Zhu Part II. Overview Some Aspects of Fullerene Application 23 Alexander fa. Vul' Commercial Production of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 35 Raouf o. Loutfy, Timothy P. Lowe, Alexander P. Moravsky and S. Katagiri Part III. Nanotubular Structures Field Emission Microscopy of Carbon Nanotubes 49 fahachi Saito, Koichi Hata, Akihiro Takahara, Kohei Matsuda, Takayuki Kona and Chuhei Ohshima Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display 57 Sashiro Uemura Thin Film Carbon Nanotube Cathodes for Field Emission Flat Panel Display and Light Source Application 67 Alexander N. Obraztsov Pyrolytic Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes: Structure and Applications 83 Masanobu Endo, Y. A. Kim and T. Hayashi v Contents From Conducting Polymers to Carbon Nanotubes: New Horizons in Plastic Microelectronics and Carbon Nanoelectronics 93 Liming Dai Self-assembly of Inorganic Nanotubes Synthesized by the Chemical Transport Reaction 113 Maja Remskar; Ales Mrzel and Francis Levy Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns 125 Masako Yudasaka FT-ICR Reaction Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Precursor Clusters for SWNTs 131 Shigeo Maruyama Part IV. Medical Applications Application and Commercial Prospects of Fullerenes in Medicine and Biology 145 Uri Sagman Nanomedicine: Fullerene and Carbon Nanotube Biology 155 Stephen R. Wilson Free Radical Scavenging and Photodynamic Functions of Micelle-like Hydrophilic Hexa(sulfobutyl)fullerene (FC S) 165 4 Yu Chi, Taizoon Canteenwala, Hans H.C. Chen, U-Ser Jeng, Tsang-Lang Lin and Long Y. Chiang Sonodynamic Effect of Polyethylene glycol-conjugated Fullerene on Thmor 185 Yasuhiko Tabata, Toshihiro Ishii, Teruyoshi Aoyama, Ryuma Oki, Yoshiaki Hirano, Osamu Ogawa and Yoshito Ikada Part V. Hard Carbons from C 60 Mechanical Properties of Polymerized, Amorphous, and Nanocrystalline Carbon Phases Prepared from Fullerite C 60 under Pressure 199 A.G. Lyapin Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films from Fullerene Precursors 217 Dieter M. Gruen vi Contents Properties and Applications of Superhard and U1trahard Fullerites 223 V. Blank, S. Buga, G. Dubitsky, N. Serebryanaya, M. Popov and V. Prokhorov Part VI. New Source and Preparation of Fullerenes Role of Fullerene-Iike Structures in the Reactivity of Shungite Carbon as Used in New Materials with Advanced Properties 237 Natalia N. Rozhkova Formation of Nanostructured Carbons under Hydrothermal Conditions 253 Yury Gogotsi, Joseph A. Libera and Masahiro Yoshimura Part VII. Developmental Reports Advanced Thermal Protection Coating Using Fullerenes 267 Raouf o. Loutfy and Eugene M. Wexler Ablative and Flame-Retardant Properties of Fullerenes 275 Raouf O. Loutfy and Eugene M. Wexler Gas-Phase Hydrogenation of Fullemes 281 Raouf o. Loutfy and Eugene M. Wexler Hydrogenation of Alkali Metal-Doped Fullerenes 289 Raouf o. Loutfy and Eugene M. Wexler Unique Fullerene-Based Highly Microporous Carbons for Gas Storage 293 Raouf o. Loutfy, Eugene M. Wexler and Weijiong Li Use of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes for Fabrication of Efficient Electron Field Emitters 305 Raouf o. Loutfy, 1. C. Withers and Stevan T. Dimitrijevic Aligned Carbon-Nanotubes for Sensor Applications 311 Raouf o. Loutfy and M. Hecht Carbon Nanotube-Polycarbonate Composites 317 Raouf O. Loutfy, 1. C. Withers, M. Abdelkader and M. Sennett vii Contents Physical Hydrogen Storage on Nanotubes and Nanocarbon Materials 327 Raouf O. Loutfy, A. Moravsky, A. Franco and E. Veksler Nanotubes as Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries 341 Raouf 0. Loutfy, S. Hossian, A. Moravsky and M. Saleh Fullerene Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Applications 357 Raouf 0. Loutfy and S. Katagiri Index 369 Vlll Forewords We need a breakthrough Soon after buckminsterfullerene C was finally isolated in a pure state and the antici 60 pated polyhedral structure experimentally confirmed, a variety of polymorphs of fullerenic carbon were discovered one after the other. The shapes of these nano-sized new carbons included perfect spheres, ellipsoids, tubes, fibers, polyhedra and further variations, all of them still conforming to the same structural principle as C60• Scientists were fascinated by the sudden appearance of entirely new forms of carbon that seemed ideal construction materials for nanotechnology. In view of the small environmental impact of carbon materials and the almost unlimited resources, many of us even felt that we would soon be seeing the birth of carbon nanotechnology. That was about a decade ago. As it turned out, the arrival of a new fullerene industry was disappointingly slow. Most of the scientists working on fullerenes and carbon nano tubes have been busy exploring and learning new properties and behaviors. The basic research on fullerene carbons has been remarkably successful, producing well over 20000 papers within ten years. In other words, we have been producing research papers rather than the application products. Now, many would say that 'we have done enough lab work, let us now consider applications.' Precisely for this reason, we collect here more than 30 reports by the world experts on the developmental research on fullerenes and nanotubes. All the chapters are, in principle, based on invited talks presented before a two-day International Fullerenes Workshop held in Tokyo in February 2001, but some were thoroughly expanded after the Workshop. The timing of our planning coincided with the decisions by the US and Japanese gov ernments to take up 'nanotechnology' as one of the three basis technologies to be devel oped in the 21st century. Since fullerene carbons are considered to playa central role in nanotechnology, we hope this book will provide a handy information source to compre hend the state of the art. Coverage of topics in this book is by no means comprehensive due to the limitation of pages, hence rather we emphasize a few promising areas. It is hoped that the limited coverage is compensated at least partly by four short but excellent overview chapters by Colbert/Smalley, Loutfy and Vul'. Nanotubular structures are currently considered to be close to commercialization. Uemura and Obraztsov disclose the latest advances in the hottest topic; the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to flat-panel displays. Y. Saito, a pioneer in the field emission behavior of carbon nanotubes, presents here a basic aspect of FE as a micro scope. Dai gives a clear account of his unique developmental research in the composites of carbon nanotubes with conducting polymers, which should find a wide market in the near future. Endo provides a valuable account of his success story of nanofibers, which are slightly different from nanotubes, but have many advantages for commercial appli cations. GogotsilLiberaIYoshimura mention novel formation of nano-tubular carbons in ix Forewords supercritical water. Their findings will not only stimulate discussion on the natural occurrence of fullerenes but will also develop into industrial applications. In view of the high cost of production of fullerenes, medical applications are defi nitely a wise choice at this moment. Sagman is currently leading a strong drive towards the marketing of fullerene-derived drugs, and presents a formal account on their activi ties here for the first time. Two of the active members of his group, Wilson and Chiang, discuss their own studies. TabatalIkada present the progress in their long and systematic work on the photodynamic therapy of cancer by using water-soluble derivatives of C 60 as the photo-sensitizer. The third area that we think is highly promising and will have a tremendous impact upon wide areas of industry is the ultra-hard carbon from C polymers. Lyapin reports 60 on their systematic work on a high-pressure, high-temperature polymerization technique performed in Russia. Working under HPHT conditions Blank and his coworkers stunned the world by the discovery of C polymers that are harder than diamond. Here they dis 60 cuss the atomistic structure of their famous products. Gruen gives a brief account of their unique CVD method of producing thin films of ultra-fine diamond nanoparticles with 2-3nm diameter. Three other chapters specifically illustrate directions of potential application in the near future. A carbonaceous mineral of pre-Cambrian origin, Shungite, is being recog nized as a kind of fullerene carbon. Rozhkova dicusses the possibilities of utilizing this abundantly available carbon source for industry. Reports of Kroto's group and Remskar represent approaches to inorganic nanotubes that are being carried out intensively in several laboratories in the world. We have one critical obstacle that has been hindering immediate applications of fullerenes, and that is the still prohibitively high cost of producing fullerenes. There are basically two approaches to this problem: either to elucidate the mechanism of forma tion at the molecular level so that a new and more rational production method can be designed, or to search for a breakthrough based on intelligent guess-work. The former approach is traditionally favored in science, as exemplified by the chapters of Yudasaka and Maruyama. The latter approach is currently being ventured by many groups around the world but so far these have not been successful. Either way, we badly need a breakthrough. Finally we are blessed to have highly valuable developmental reports from Loutfy and his group members, which consist of eleven chapters of in-depth applied research on fullerenes and nanotubes. All the chapters in this section have not been published before. I am particularly grateful to Dr Loutfy for his decision to choose this book for the publishing medium of his original papers. Last but not least I wish to express my gratitude to Mitsubishi Corporation for giving me the rare opportunity to organize a grand Workshop fully devoted to the application of fullerenes and to edit this book, and to all the authors who contributed chapters. Special thanks go to the two Nobel Prize-winning pioneers, Professors Smalley and Kroto, for joining the Workshop and contributing precious chapters. Eiji Osawa ~obara,August2001 x Part I Plenary Lectures
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