Personality, individual differences and intelligence

803 Pages·2017·18.65 MB·English

by  Liz, John, Day, Macaskill, Ann, Maltby

Personality,
Individual Diff erences
and Intelligence
Fourth Edition
John Maltby
Liz Day
Ann Macaskill
Personality,
Individual Diferences
and Intelligence
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P ersonality,
Individual Dif erences
and Intelligence
F ourth Edition
J ohn Maltby
U niversity of Leicester
L iz Day
S heffi eld Hallam University
A nn Macaskill
S heffi eld Hallam University
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First published 2007 (print)
Second edition published 2010 (print)
Third edition published 2013 (print and electronic)
Fourth edition published 2017 (print and electronic)
© Pearson Education Limited 2007, 2010 (print)
© Pearson Education Limited 2013, 2017 (print and electronic)
The rights of John Maltby, Liz Day and Ann Macaskill to be identifed as authors of this work have
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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ISBN: 978-1-292-09051-1 (print)
978-1-292-09057-3 (PDF)
978-1-292-18063-2 (ePub)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for the print edition is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Maltby, John, 1969– author. | Day, Liz. | Macaskill, Ann.
Title: Personality, individual diferences and intelligence / John Maltby,
University of Leicester, Liz Day, Shefeld Hallam University, Ann
Macaskill, Shefeld Hallam University.
Description: Fourth Edition. | New York: Pearson, [2017] | Revised edition
of the authors’ Personality, individual diferences and intelligence, 2013.
Identifers: LCCN 2016053013 | ISBN 9781292090511
Subjects: LCSH: Personality. | Personality and intelligence. | Individual diferences.
Classifcation: LCC BF698.9.I6 M35 2017 | DDC 155.2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053013
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13
Front cover image © picstyle99/Getty Images
Print edition typeset in 9.5/12 pt Times LT Pro Roman
Printed in Slovakia by Neografa
NOTE THAT ANY PAGE CROSS REFERENCES REFER TO THE PRINT EDITION
Dedication
For Liz
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B RIEF CONTENTS
A bout the Authors x viii
P reface x ix P ART 3 A pplications in Individual
A cknowledgements x xiv Dif erences 4 33
1 6 O ptimism 4 34
1 7 I rrational Beliefs 4 58
P ART 1 P ersonality and Individual
1 8 E mbarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety 4 80
Dif erences 1
1 9 I nterpersonal Relationships 5 05
2 0 S ocial Attitudes and Culture 5 35
1 P ersonality Theory in Context 2 2 1 W ell-being and Personality Disorders 5 75
2 T he Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to 2 2 I ndividual Dif erences in Health and Illness 6 05
Personality 2 2
2 3 A n Introduction to Psychometric Testing 6 27
3 D evelopments of Freudian Theorising 4 4
4 L earning Theory Perspectives on Personality 7 2 G lossary G 1
5 C ognitive Personality Theories 1 02
R eferences and further reading R 1
6 H umanistic Personality Theories 1 27
I ndex I 1
7 T he Trait Approach to Personality 1 63
8 B iological Basis of Personality I Genetic
Heritability of Personality and Biological and T he following additional material can be
Physiological Models of Personality 1 93 found on the website
9 B iological Basis of Personality II Evolutionary (w ww.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby)
Psychology and Animal Studies of Personality 2 24
24 Academic Argument and Thinking 6 69
2 5 Statistical Terms 6 77
2 6 Research Ethics 6 86
P ART 2 I ntelligence 2 49
1 0 A n Introduction to Intelligence 2 50
1 1 T heories and Measurement of Intelligence 2 66
1 2 H ow Intelligence Tests are Used What Questions
Emerge from the Measurement of Intelligence? 2 93
1 3 H eritability and Socially Def ned Group
Dif erences in Intelligence 3 24
1 4 I ntelligence and the Self Emotional Intelligence,
Creativity, and Sex Dif erence in Intelligence 3 62
1 5 P ersonality and Intelligence in Education
and Work 4 06
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C ONTENTS
A bout the Authors x viii T he structure of the personality 2 7
P reface x ix T he development of personality 2 8
D efence mechanisms 3 1
A cknowledgements x xiv R epression 3 1
D enial 3 2
P rojection 3 2
R eaction formation 3 2
PART 1 P ersonality and Individual R ationalisation 3 2
C onversion reaction 3 3
Dif erences 1 P hobic avoidance 3 3
D isplacement 3 3
R egression 3 3
1 P ersonality Theory in Context 2 I solation 3 4
K ey themes 2 U ndoing 3 4
L earning outcomes 2 S ublimation 3 4
I ntroduction 3 C linical applications of Freudian theory 3 4
G eneral population perspectives: implicit E valuation of Freudian theory 3 6
personality theories 3 D escription 3 6
P roblems with implicit theories 4 E xplanation 3 6
H ow is personality def ned? 4 E mpirical validity and testable concepts 3 6
L ay def nitions of personality 4 C omprehensiveness 3 8
P sychological def nitions of personality 5 P arsimony 3 8
T he aims of studying personality 5 H euristic value 3 9
T he source of the term ‘personality’ 7 A pplied value 3 9
A pproaches to studying personality: idiographic F inal comments 3 9
versus nomothetic 7 S ummary 4 0
D escribing personality 9 C onnecting up 4 1
D istinctions and assertions in personality research 9 C ritical thinking 4 1
E f ects of personality versus situational ef ects 10 G oing further 4 1
M easurement issues 1 0 Film and literature 42
S trands of personality theorising 1 2
T he clinical approach and its history 1 2 3 D evelopments of Freudian Theorising 4 4
I ndividual dif erences’ emphasis on personality
and its history 1 3 K ey themes 4 4
C urrent conceptualisations of individual dif erences 1 3 L earning outcomes 4 4
S tudying personality as a personal experience 1 4 I ntroduction 45
R eading critically and evaluating theories 1 6 I ndividual psychology of Alfred Adler 4 6
T he cultural context of personality theories 1 8 I nferiority feelings 4 6
Final comments 19 P ersonality development in Adlerian terms 4 7
S ummary 1 9 B irth order 4 8
C onnecting up 2 0 C haracteristics of the neurotic personality 4 8
C ritical thinking 2 0 A dlerian treatment approaches 4 9
G oing further 2 0 E valuation of Adler’s individual psychology theory 50
Film and literature 21 C arl Jung and analytic psychology 5 2
S tructures within the psyche 5 3
J ungian personality types 5 5
2 T he Basis of the Psychoanalytic J ung’s conception of mental illness and its treatment 5 6
Approach to Personality 2 2 E valuation of Jung’s theory 5 7
K ey themes 2 2 D escription 5 7
L earning outcomes 2 2 E xplanation 5 8
I ntroduction 2 3 E mpirical validity 5 8
D escription of Freud’s theory of personality 2 3 T estable concepts 5 8
L evels of consciousness 2 3 C omprehensiveness 5 8
T he nature of human beings and the source P arsimony 5 9
of human motivation 2 5 H euristic value 5 9