Personality Development Across the Lifespan PDF
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Personality Development Across the Lifespan Personality Development Across the Lifespan Edited by Jule Specht AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-804674-6 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:EmilyEkle EditorialProjectManager:TimothyJ.Bennett ProductionProjectManager:PunithavathyGovindaradjane Designer:AlanStudholme TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Beingapersonalitypsychologistmeanslovingdiversity. List of Contributors MathiasAllemand UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland MitjaD.Back UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany WiebkeBleidorn UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,UnitedStates ElienDeCaluwe´ GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium BarbaraDeClercq GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium FilipDeFruyt GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium GrantW.Edmonds OregonResearchInstitute,Eugene,OR,UnitedStates ChristineFinn FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Jena,Germany R. Chris Fraley University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, UnitedStates AlexandraM.Freund UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland Denis Gerstorf Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German InstituteforEconomicResearch(DIWBerlin),Berlin,Germany KatharinaGeukes UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany MarieHennecke UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland KathrinHerzhoff NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,UnitedStates PatrickL.Hill WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,St.Louis,MO,UnitedStates NathanW.Hudson MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,MI,UnitedStates GizemHu¨lu¨r UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland xii ListofContributors Charles J. Infurna Children’s Institute, Rochester, NY, United States; St. John FisherCollege,Rochester,NY,UnitedStates FrankJ.Infurna ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates Joshua J. Jackson Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States Bertus F. Jeronimus University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen,Groningen,TheNetherlands Christian Kandler Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Medical School Berlin,Berlin,Germany HyunjiKim YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada TheoA.Klimstra TilburgUniversity,Tilburg,TheNetherlands ShaunaC.Kushner UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada MaikeLuhmann RuhrUniversityBochum,Bochum,Germany KateC.McLean WesternWashingtonUniversity,Bellingham,WA,UnitedStates MatthiasR.Mehl UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ,UnitedStates Rene´ Mo˜ttus UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom SwantjeMueller Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin,Berlin,Germany FranzJ.Neyer FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Jena,Germany Lauren B.Nickel UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign,IL,UnitedStates Johan Ormel University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,TheNetherlands UlrichOrth UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland MichaelPapendick BielefeldUniversity,Bielefeld,Germany JohnF.Rauthmann WakeForestUniversity,Winston-Salem,NC,UnitedStates Anne K. Reitz Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; New York University,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates ListofContributors xiii Harrie¨tte Riese University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen,TheNetherlands BrentW.Roberts UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign,IL,UnitedStates JoniY.Sasaki YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada Florian Schmiedek German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF),FrankfurtamMain,Germany LeahH.Schultz WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,St.Louis,MO,UnitedStates TedSchwaba UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,UnitedStates ConorG.Smith TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom Jule Specht Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Institute forEconomicResearch(DIWBerlin),Berlin,Germany UrsulaM.Staudinger ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates GundulaStoll UniversityofTu¨bingen,Tu¨bingen,Germany JenniferL.Tackett NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,UnitedStates UlrichTrautwein UniversityofTu¨bingen,Tu¨bingen,Germany LottevanDoeselaar TilburgUniversity,Tilburg,TheNetherlands MaartenH.W.vanZalk UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany LizeVerbeke GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Manuel C. Voelkle Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max PlanckInstituteforHumanDevelopment,Berlin,Germany Michael VonKorff Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle,WA,UnitedStates Jenny Wagner Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz InstituteforScienceandMathematicsEducation(IPN),Kiel,Germany AlexanderWeiss TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom xiv ListofContributors SaraJ.Weston WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,St.Louis,MO,UnitedStates Alexandra Zapko-Willmes Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Medical SchoolBerlin,Berlin,Germany JuliaZimmermann FernUniversita¨tHagen,Hagen,Germany 1 Personality development research: State-of-the-art and future directions JuleSpecht1,2,* 1Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin,Berlin,Germany,2GermanInstituteforEconomic Research(DIWBerlin),Berlin,Germany Whatcanwepredictforthefutureofanindividualwhohappenstobeasociable,talka- tive, and lively young boy? Or for an open-minded, unconventional, and curious womanwhoentersyoungadulthood?Frompersonalitypsychologyresearch,weknow that individuals are characterized by stable individual differences like, e.g., extraver- sion and openness to experience. But from developmental psychology research, we know that individuals change systematically across time depending, among other things,ontheirbiologicalmaturationandthedevelopmentaltaskstheyarefacedwith. Personality development research combines these two research traditions assum- ing that there are relatively stable individual differences that may change in the long run. Based on the findings of these two psychological disciplines, we now have good reason to predict that the extraverted boy from the introductory example is likely to become an energetic, happy, and self-confident man. And that he is more likely to become popular, to have a lot of friends, and that he will later likely be at ease attracting romantic partners compared to a more introverted person. We can also be quite confident that these experiences will retroact on his personality, strengthening his extraversion and stimulating changes in other personality traits of hisownorhissocialnetwork. We can furthermore expect on good grounds that the woman of the second introductory example, who has particularly high levels in the personality trait opennesstoexperience,willlikelyremainamongthemostopen-mindedindividuals of her age during the course of her life. It is likely that she will think, feel, and behave more extraordinarily even in old age compared to others of her age group. However, empirical research also suggests that she will likely be less open to new experience at age 80 comparedto the time ofher college years becauseopennessto experiencetendstodeclineduringadulthood. Taken together, recent findings from personality development research highlight the fact that personality trait levels are surprisingly stable even across several decades and even when faced with major changes in life circumstances. At the (cid:1)While writing this chapter, Jule Specht was also affiliated at Freie Universita¨t Berlin, Berlin, Universita¨tzuLu¨beck,Lu¨beck,andtheGermanInstituteforEconomicResearch(DIWBerlin),Berlin. PersonalityDevelopmentAcrosstheLifespan.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804674-6.00001-6 ©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 4 PersonalityDevelopmentAcrosstheLifespan same time, it is very unlikely that a person remains at the same personality trait level across all of childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age or that a person remains at the exact same position on a personality trait relative to others of the same age group across time. Personality development researchers are eager to understandwhy personalityishighlystableeven under instable life conditions, why personality changes in some people more than in others, and how life shapes who weareandwhowebecome. A new focus: from stability to changeability of personality traits Personality psychologists and social psychologists have long struggled about the question of whether enduring individual characteristics or momentary situational characteristics are most relevant for predicting how a person will act in a given context. Most colleagues now agree that both—the personality and the (social) situation—have an important influence on behavior. Personality is assumed to have a particularly high impact in situations with low social pressure to behave in a specific way. For example, personality is more likely to result in individual differ- ences at a Sunday afternoon with no obligations to go to work, and the freedom to choose between relaxing at home, doing sports, going to a museum, or meeting with friends. In contrast, personality is less likely to result in strong individual differences at a busy working day that comes along with specific demands about how to behave to comply to the situation. Thus even though individual differences can occur in every situation, they are more likely in situations that are free of specificsocialexpectationsabouthowtobehave. The need to argue for the important impact of enduring individual differences— compared to situational characteristics—is likely a reason for the strong focus on the stability of individual differences in personality traits in early personality psychology research. Now we can be sure that individuals show different behaviors in the same situation as a result of differences in their personality traits. Also, we now know that individuals will show similar behavior across different situations as a result of relatively stable personality traits. Thus the scientific debate between personality psychologists and social psychologists about whether personality actu- ally exists is now largely overcome, and the idea of stable individual differences is widelyacknowledgedacrossdisciplineswithinpsychology. The initial focus on the high stability of personality traits has lost sight of the fact that personality is far from being perfectly stable. Instead, personality changes systematically across time, with age, and in reaction to the environment. Modern personality psychology therefore shifted its focus from stability to changeability of personality traits, which resulted in a new area of research, namely personality developmentresearch. Research on personality development has flourished during the last decade. Nowadays, it is continuously represented with scientific talks and posters at each of
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