Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea

25 Pages·1999·8.4 MB·English

by  Aymon Baud

Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks
of the Crimea
Galina V. KOTLYAR
All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI),
Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia)
vsegei @ mail.wplus.net
Aymon BAUD
Musée de Géologie, BFSH2-UNIL,
CH-1015, Lausanne (Switzerland)
[email protected]
Galina P. PRONINA
All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI),
Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia)
vsegei @ mail.wplus.net
Yuri D. ZAKHAROV
Far East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Pr. 100-letya, 159, Vladivostok-22, 690022 (Russia)
[email protected]
Valéry Ja. VUKS
All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI),
Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, 199106 (Russia)
vsegei @ mail.wplus.net
Merlynd K. NESTELL
Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington.
Arlington, TX 76019 (USA)
[email protected]
Galina V. BELYAEVA
Far East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Pr. 100-letya, 159, Vladivostok-22, 690022, (Russia)
[email protected]
Jean MARCOUX
Sciences Physiques de la Terre, Université Paris VII,
Tour 24/25, V étage, 2 Place Jussieu,
F-75251 Paris cedex 05 (France)
marcoux @ ipgp.jussieu.fr
GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • '1 (3) 299
Kotlyar G. V., Baud A.. Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D.. Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.
Kotiyar G. V., Baud A,, Pronina G. P.. Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Neslell M. K., Belyaeva
G. V. & Marcoux J 1999. — Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea, in
Crasquln-Soleau S. & De Wever P. (eds), Peri-Tethys: stratigraphie corrélations 3.
Geodiversitas 2^ (3) : 299-323.
ABSTRACT
Exotic lime.'îconc blocks of Pemiia» and Tria.ssic âge occur in the Middle
Triassic-Middle Jurassic Crimean olbtüstiüfne complex ol the Marta and
Alma River basin.s and in the Simferopol area. Ricli assemblages of small
foraminifers, fu.sulinid.s, brachiopods, rare ammonoids» and sphinctozoans
KEYWORDS occur in thèse blocks. Fo.s.sÜs front Permian blocks indicate ihc prcsence of
Upper Triassic, zonal as.scmblages for the BoJorian, Kubcrgandian> Murgabian> Mîdian,
Rliiielidil,
Permian, D/hulHan, and Dorashamian stages. The Neoschtoagerhia ümf>lex fusullnid
exotic blocks» zone i& cxterided upward ba.scd on the pre.seuce in our rnateriaJ of Kuber-
Crimea,
gandian ammonoids wlth Neoschwagerirut simplex a. Comparlson ol the
foraminifers,
fusulinids, faunj from Triassic blocks to a.sscmblage.s from other régions of the Tethys
brachiupods.
indicates chat che âge is Late Triassic Rhaecian correspondlng to the
ammonoitls,
sphinctozoans. Vandaites sturzenbaumi ammonoid zone.
RÉSUMÉ
Les blocs exotiques calcaires du Permien et du Trias en Crimée.
Les blocs exotiques de calcaire permien.s et triasiques de la Crimée appartien¬
nent à rnnirc olistostromale d'Eskiordin (Trias mo>^n-Jura.ssique nio^'en) et
ont etc trouvés dans les bas.sins-vcr.sant des rivières de Marta, d'Alma et dans
la région du lac (réservoir) de Simferopol. Les blocs permiens contiennent
des petits foraminiferes et des fusulines ainsi que des bracliiopodes, de rares
MOTS CLÉS ammonoïdes et des sphinaozoaire.s dont nous présentons rinvcnuire. La dis¬
Trias siméricur»
tribution des asstniblages fossilifères couvre la fin du Pernhen inferieur
Kht'ticn,
Permien, (Boloricn) ainsi que tout le Permien supérieur, du Kuhergandien au
blocs exotiques, Dorashamien. La présence conjointe d ammonoïdes et de brachiopodes d’âge
Crimée,
foraminiftres, Kubetgandiai avec Neosçhwageritui simplex Ozavs'a est signalée. L’analyse des
fusulinides, micro- er mncrofauncs des blocs triasiques ainsi que des comparai.sons avec
brachiopf.jdes,
les lûunes semblables d'autres régions téthysîcnncs pçnnettcni d'attribuer aux
ammonoïdes,
sphinctozoaires. assemblages décrits un âge rhétien.
INTRODUCTION ammonoids by Y. D. Zakharov, sphinctozoans by
G. V. Belyaeva, and fusulinids by V. 1. Davydov
For this study, our team investigated Permian and M. K. Nestell.
and Triassic exotic limestone blocks occurring at
several localitiès in the area bettveerv Simferopol
and the Marta River Basin. Limestone samples HISTORY
containing remains of several different faunal
groups were obtained. Carbonate microfacies Fokhc (1901) studied the oldest deposits then
were studied by A. Baud. small foramintlers by known from the Crimea. He named the
G. P. Pronina (Permian and Triassic) and V. Ja. *Taurida Beds”, and dared them as Late Triassic.
Vuks (Triassic), brachiopods by G. V. Kotlyar, Moiseev (1939) named the Eskiorda Formation,
300 GEOOIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3)
Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea
a shallow-waier conglomcme (Rhaerian-Liassic) where the Upper Triassic, Lower Taurida and the
fades présent in the northern part of the Kacha Liassic Upper Taurida (Eskiorda) formations
uplifi. Muratov U 949) divided the Taurida heds \vere proposed with two t)^es of livhotacics fur
into chrcc parts: (1) a lower unir of Latc Triassic each unit. Koronovslcy 6c Mileev (1974) conduc-
âge; (2) a middie unir, the Eskiorda Formation; lcd rcscarch on the Eskiorda Formarion in the
(3) an upper unir, both of early and middie Bodrak River Valley and proposed a broader
Liassic âge. Logvinenko et al, (1961) proposed a Carnian-Pleinsbachian stratigraphie range for it
more detailcd subdivision ot die Taurida Sériés On this basis, they increased rhe rank of this unit
and considered the lowcr part to be of Early and to a Sériés and considered it as an équivalent of
Middie Triassic âge. the Taurida Séries rock; they aiso staced, thar the
Srudy of outerops in the valley of the right tribu- Eskiorda Formation (or Sériés) in the Bodrak
tary ot the Bodrak River (Dagis Ôd Shvanov River area represented a tectonic mélangé.
1965; Shvanov 1966) lias shown rhat the Taurida
Sériés rock ranges in age from Middie Triassic to
Early Jurassic. The most commun subdivision CEOLOGICALSETTING (Fig. 1)
scheme ot the Taurida Séries has been given in
“Geology of the USSR” (Anonymous 1969), The oldest stratigraphie unit cropping out in the
GEODIVERSlTAr « 1999 • 21 {3) 301
Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nescell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.
Crimean Mountains is ihe Taiirida flysch of (I960, 1963), this unit has been recently map-
Middle Triassic to Toarcian âge (Shalimov I960, ped in detail and reinterpreted by Mileev et al.
1963). The underlying units and basement hâve (1989) as a composite and dismembered recronic
never been observed, but gcophysîcal seismic Lomplex. It is the best exposed witbin che
data indicaies a ihin carbonate-<lastic unir over- Lozovaya shear zone of the Kacha uplift (nor-
lying graniiic basement (Muraiov et ai 1984). (hern pan of the core) and north of ir, but it aiso
The laui'ida flysch is ovcrlain wiih a struciural Occurs ovenhru.si above the Taurida flysch in vhe
unconfonnicy either by Upper Jums.sic deposits Bodrak and Marta River valleys. According to
in the souih and easc of rhe Kacha uplift, or by the lithological and biostratigraphical contents,
Lower CretaceoLis deposits in che north and thèse auihors subdivided the Eskiorda tcctonic
west. In some parts of the Kacha uplift, the complex inio the Mendcr (Ladinian-Sine-
Taurida flysch is allochthonousiy overlain by the murian), D/hidair (Rajocian), Kichik (Norian),
Eskiorda unit. The 'l'aurida flysch makes up the Chenk (Middle-Upper Triassic?), Saraman (Lare
core of the Kacha uplift. Mileev et al. (1989) dis- Triassic-Bajücian) and Bitak (Toarcian-
tinguished the Alma unit for rhe proximal flysch BathonianJ suhunits. The lîthology consists
in the core of the upliffv and the overlying Paril mainly of fine ro coarsc terrigenous clasiics. The
unit for the distal flysch. The Alma unit is expo- rurbiditic flysch sequence characterises the lower
sed in the Belbek, Kacha. Maria. AJma. Salgir subunits and was probably deposited in shallow
and Bodrak River valleys le consi.stvs of predomi- marine conditions because coal and course sand-
nantly gray, rhin beJded fine sand-stone -and shale stone occurs in rhe upper barantnn subunir
with reworked coalified plants débris. (.Mileev et iil. 1989). These amliors regard rhe
Commonly, the Alma unit is exposed only in Eskiorda complex as équivalent in âge to the
river valley floors; in tbc Bodrak River Valley it is Taurida unit.
recorded in the middle and upper parts uf slopes, Most uf the exotic limestone blucks occur in the
and there Is overthrusting the Patil unit. In the Mender subunit and some in the Saraman sub¬
Alma River (Drovyanka Village and ncar unit. They are interpreted as olisdiolkhs (olist-
Partizanskoc Village) and Salgir River basins, the stronies for rhe oldcr Carboniferous to Sine-
Alma unit contains a Carnian and lower Norian murian part), and as tcctonic incorpoiated
fauna. Near Drov)'^anka Village (Alma Rivet blocks (mélangé) for the younger Latc Liassic-
Basin), middle Liassic fbraminifas occiir in che Crctaccoiis part. Their origin is stÜl controver-
shale. Near the mouth of the Marta RiA^er, sial. Some geologists bclievc rh.it they uriginated
Pliensbachian crinoids occim and in the flysch of from the north (sourh of Scyrhian Plate margin),
rhe Perropavlovsk quarry, bivalve molluslcs of vvhereas uthers consider that they werc tianspor-
Toarcian-lower Rajocian âge bave been described. ted from the suuth.
The âge of the Alma unit is considered to be The Mender subunit (Ladinian-Sincmiirian) is
Middle J’riassic to Bajocian. The Patil unit is composed mainly of shalc with thin beds of fine-
exposed only in rhe Bitdrak Rjver Valley and dif- grained qtiartzitic sandstone. Ir occurs in rhe
fers front the /\Jma unit by a grcater rhickness of northwe.stern part of the Kacha uplift, in che
flysch couplets with mudsione dominating the Bodrak, Aima and Salgir River valley.s. Lhe
couplet.s. A middle Liassic to Aalenian fauna Saraman subunit is composed of highiy mature,
occurs near Prochladnoe Village. Hglu gtay, ma.ssive. quarr/itic sanclstone with
beds of fine- and mediunvpebbly conglomcratc
The Taurida fly.sch and its Aalenian to Eocene and with rare siliy clay interbeds. it occurs on
stratigraphie cover arc separated front ihc North tbc northçrn slopc and on the Southern limh of
Crimean covèr units (Jurassic-Eocene) by ihc the Kacha uplift, in the Salgir, Alma, Bodrak and
north dipping Eskiorda unit. Originally named Marta River valleys. Based on macro- and micro-
and intc-rpreted as the basal part of rhe Taurida fauna occurrences (Mileev et al. 1989), the
flysch by Moiseev (1932), and later by Shalimov Saraman is Late Triassic-early Bajocian in âge.
302 GEODtVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3)
Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea
HISTORY AND THE AGE
INTERPRETATION OF THE EXOTIC
BLOCKS
Fokht (1901) firsc recorded the occurrence of
Permian limesrone blocks within the Triassic-
Jurassic complex. Previous researchers hud assi-
gned chese blocks ro different siruiigraphic
horizons of the Permian System. Toumansky
(1931. 1935, 1937a, b) distinguished anirponoid,
fusulinid, and rrilobire assemblages in certain
blocks, and suidied the Permian launas from these
exotic blocks in the most detail. She considered
them ro belong to the bio.sirarigraphic ‘‘horizons”:
Bodrakian, Soramanian, Burnian, and Martian.
Initially» she presiimed that the Soramanian
assemblage was similar ro thaï found in the Fig. 2. — Early Jurassic reconstruction, following openîng of
Gaptank Formation in West ’lexas and to be of Kùre/Taurida basins; schematic and not scale (simplified and
modified from Banks 1997).
Late Carboniferous âge [Uddenitiîs zone).
Subsequeiuly, ‘Foumanslcy (1941) concluded that
the limestonc with this animonoid assemblage
corresponded to ihe lowcr part of the Permian Prior ro the opening ot the Western Black Sea
Leonard Formation in West Texas ol Norih oceanic basin initiared in Barremian-Aptian rime
America, rhe lowcr paît of the Ritauni Formation and completcd in Cenomanian time (Gorur
on ’Fimor Island, and rhe upper part ot Buzterc 1988). Southern Crimea atid central Pontides
beds in the Sourheastern l’amirs. In hcr srudy of occupied neighbouring po.sitions (Fig. 2, sec also
Permian aminonoids of the Central Pamirs, reconstruction schemes recenily proposed hy
Toumansky (1963) correlated the Burnian and Banks and Robinson in Banks 1997L
Martian ammonoid assemblages of the Crimea In the Crimea (this paperl as well as in the central
with the Kubergandian assernblage from the Pontides (Aydin et ai 1986; Yilmâz et al. 1997),
Pamirs. According to Bogoslovskaya (1984), the there are occurrences of flyschoids .successions. In
Burnian assemblage is similar to the ammonoid the Crimean Mountains and lhe central Pontides,
assemblage in the Kuherganda Formation of the the oldest rocks exposed are à scqiiencc of basinal
Pamirs. and is Roadian in âge. I he so-callcd tufbidiric mudstones and .siltstones of similar age
“Martian (Martovsky or Martinsky)'' assemblage (Triassic-Early Jurassic). These formations were
is considered to be Wordian. disrupted during the Cimmerjan orogenesis at
The Lare Ifiassic âge of certain lîmestone block the end of the Middle jurassic (Sengür 1984).
is mainly derived from occurrences of Anisian As was proposed before (Marcoicx 8e Baud 1996;
and Norian-Rliaetian brachiopods (Dagis 1963; Marcoux et al. 1993) the équivalent of rhe
Dagis & Shvanov 1965). “Taurida flysch” from the Crimea would corres¬
pond tü the Küre séries, of the Akgol Formation
(Aydin et ai 1986; Yilmaz et al. 1997) from die
CRIMEA-PONTIDES (NORTHERN central Pontides. This hypoihcsis was proposed
TURKEY) TENTATIVE CORRELATIONS again recently (Robinson ôc Kerusov 1997).
(FIGS 2,3) At the moment, only Triassic exotic blocks (olisto-
liths) hâve been described within rhe Küre/
The Crimean Mountains and the central Pon- Akgol sériés, for instance Hallstatt fades Ümes-
lides (Turkeyj represent the conjugate rift margin tones of late Anisian and Ladinian (Onder 1990;
of the Western Black Sea oceanic basin (Fig. 3). L. Krystyn, pets. comm. 1992). Future detail
GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 303
Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.
Fig. 3. — Schematic structural cross section of the eastern part of the western Black sea from northern Turkey (Central Pontldes) to
Crimea Mountains (South Ukraine) (simplifiée! and modified from Banks 1997).
investigations mighr also demonstrare the occur¬ by, also contain abundant and diverse foramini-
rence of Late Palaeo7x>ic blocks, similar in âge to fers, brachiopods, trilobites, gastropods, and
those from the Crimea described in this paper. ammonoids. Some of these blocks contain dis¬
tinct lithologies separatcJ by b recela zones and
contain different fossiJ remains. Peripheral pans
PERMIAN EXOTIC BLOCKS display dasiic rexrurcs (rounded and semiroun-
ded fragments of gray boundstone with light-
Permian exoüc blocks were studied in the Marta colored carbonate ccmcni), as wcll as micritic
and Alma River basins and in the Simferopol limesione of a pinki.sh or beige tint. The north-
area. Corrélation of these blocks and locations of western margin ol the main block appear.s to
fossils are shown in Table 1. contain the oldest sédiments.
Marta Rivfr Basin Loc. îîOharnple 1
In lime.stone exposed on the .slopes of Kichkhi- The limestone of this samplc is a wcll-sorccd ske-
Burnu Mountain in ihc Marta River Basin, Icral grainstonc containing calcarcous algae, fora-
Toumansky (1941) recorded two "horizons with minifets, gasiropods, calcarcous sponges and
fauna” (fusulinids, ammonoids, trilobites) which btachiopod fragments. Ir is tnterprered as being
she called Burnian and Martian. She correlated deposiied in a high energy, shallow marine
the Burnian “horizon" with the upper part of the pa I aeoen vi ronme n t.
Leonardian, and the Martian “horizon’' with the Small foraminifers, collosu Rcltlinger,
Wordian in later stiidies, it was ascertained that Mendipsid conili (Nguyen Duc l ien), Endnthyra
these so-called “horizons" were noc valid, and the sp,.^, CUmacamniioo ocih'uliooides I a nge,
assemblages were correlated to rhe Permian Deckerelln sp. 2, Tetrotaxis sp., GlobivolvuUna
Murgabian» Darvazian and Pamirian stages grncca Reichel, Paliieotextularm pivg^uoemis Lin,
(Einor & Vdovenko 1959; Licharesv 1966), P. sp.(= P. hngnrprata Lipina />; Zlieng 1986),
Pachyphloto sphnertiln Sosnina, Loogclla sp.,
In the Marta River Basin, rhe largest Permian Neodisens N. m 'tUflaides M.-Maday.
block (65 X 35 X 15 m) is lotated on the right Fusulinids. ParafiisuUna vinogradaid Leven,
flank of one of the right rributaries of rhe Marta cf P. mnltiseptata (Schelwien), P^ afl. P. naka-
River, 5 km upsrream from the Verkhorechye migtivai Morikawa Ôd Horiguchl, P. ait. P. yxm-
Village (Loc. 110; Eigs 4A, 5). Elerc light gray ruinlca Sheng. P. enUsispira Leven,
and pinkish-gray noa bedded algaEhrsuHnid P. munitkekovi l.even, P. undulato Chen,
(reefogenic?) limestone forms Kichkhi-Burnu Annenhia asidtiut Leven, A. kannav (Kochansky-
Mountain. Several smaller blocks located near- Devide & Ramovs), A. salgirica A. M.-Maday,
304 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3)
Permian and Trîassic exotic blocks of the Crimea
Tethyan Aasem- Marta River Basin Alma River Basin Simferopol area
scale biages
ieven 1980. 1996 Toumansky 110 129 112 122 WTül 111
Kotlyar1 &9 9P5r onina 19311.9 6139 41. B(cid:9632) E1 B(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) E(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) m(cid:9632) g(cid:9632) B (cid:9632) (cid:9632) B(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) D(cid:9632) B(cid:9632) E(cid:9632) E1 E1 B(cid:9632) E1 E1 B1 B(cid:9632) B1
Dorashamian (cid:9632) (cid:9632) i
e B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dzhutfian g (cid:9632) 1 1 (cid:9632) 1 1 (cid:9632) 1
Yabeina B
J
Neo- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 i B i 1 1 1
schwagerina
margaritae
Martian
Neo-
scOwagerina 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
craticulifera gj
Nec- SF SF SF
diari schswimaqpleerxin a BFr 1 1 1 1 BFr 1 1 BFr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
an Praesumalrina Bumian A
uherg Cancellina BST 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 B 1 r 1 1 1 1 B B B B 1 1
K cutalensis
y Misellina Soramanian 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
claudiae
Table 1. — Distribution of fossil localitles and corrélation of Permian exotic blocks in the Crimea. SF, small foraminifers; F, fusulinids;
A. ammonoids; Br, brachiopods; ST. sphinctozoans.
A. sphaera (Oz;iw3), Cancellina cl. C primigena Parapronorites konincki Gemmellaro, Propina-
Haydcn, C. prueneoschwagerinoides Lcven, coceras galilaei Gemmellaro, PP soramanse
C, phlonghprabeusis Toriyama àc Kanmera, Toumansky, P?. rzAwewre Toumansky, Medlicottuû
Neoschivageririit siynplex tenxiis Toriyama & volgi Toumansky, Thalassoeeras kurpinskyi
Kan niera. N. aff. N. simplex Ozawa, Toumansky, Agathiceras sxiessi Gemmellaro,
Praesumntrina schellwtertî (Deprat). A. planum doumansky, A, hodraki doumansky,
Sphîactozoans. Colospongia sp., Crymocoelia A. katscht Toumansky, A. bachui Toumansky,
zacharovi Bclyacva, Vesicotubulnria prima A. anceps Gemmellaro. Cardiella kussiat
Bclyaeva, Paradenîngeria martaensis Belyacva, (Toumansky). Neocrimites {Sosiocrimites) hiassa-
Süllasia sp. lensis Toumansky, Arivoceras ail. A. etnifer
Brachiopods. Avosarinn sp., Rugaria moterigraaffi (Gemmellaro), Palerrnites cf-. P. distefatiui
( B ro i I i ), Vrushtenia mu rina ( G ra n r), (Gemmellaro), Prostacheuceras muhidentattun
Neaplicatijera sp., Comuquia cf. C. modesta (Toumansky), P. huruense (Toumansky),
Grant. Marginif'era carniolica (Scbeliwien), Staclmceras mediterraneum crimeuse Toamanskyr
TramennaPia gratma (Wuagen). Bihtina aawtba S. andrussoioi îbumansky, S. bosei doumansky.
(Waierhouse ik l'iyasin), Litioproductus aff. S, borissinki ToiimanskV) S. vogii doumansky,
L. kaseti Grant, Compressoproductus mongoikus 5. cf S tictzei Gemmellaro, 5. tepense
(Waagen), Ogbirna dzhngrensis Sarytchevat Toumansky, Tauroceras wmvieri (Toumansky),
Vncmunelhym siculus (Gemmellaro), Auomaloria T. serobicNlatifs martonis (doumansky). Para'
gtomcrosa Grant, Pcrmopbricodotbyris caroli celtites boefori sopbiensis Toumansky.
(Gemmellaro), Maniuia ceres (Gemmellaro). Trilobites and single fragments of isolated tctra-
Ammonoids. Propirtacoceras sp., Prostacheoceras corals belonging to the family Plerophyllidae
tauricum (Toumansky), Cardiclla kussica (most likely to the généra Pentaphylluni and
(Toumansky). Apparently, the ammonoids des- Ufimia) where noted by Toumansky (1935),
cnbcd by Toumansky (1931) also originated whü also Indicated that small bivalves and gastro-
from Locality 110/1. These were identified as pods were also présent at this locality.
GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 305
Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. &c Marcoux J.
Fig. 4. — A, map of the study area with localities of the Permian and Triasslc exotic blocks: B, location of Permian exotic blocks In
the Alma River Basin- C. location of the upper Midian (Capitanian) and Dzhulfian limestone blocks on the right side of Izvestnyakovy
Creek In the Alma River Basin. Site is on the left side of a trail going up ftom the Alma Resen/oir and is in dense foresl.
Loc. llOhample 4 block. l'he limestone consists of a well-sorted
This sample, locaced at the northern margin of skeletal grainstone with intraclasts and with coa-
the block (Fig. ‘î), consists of medium sorted ske- ced grains formed from calcareou.9 sponges. lora-
letal grainstonc, with Lithocùdiunu coaied grains, minifers, gastropods, brachiopod spines and
intraclasts, forâminifers, gastropods and other bryoïoâns.
shell frâgnu'nis. Fusulinids. Ncofusulina funnda (Ozawa),
Small forâminifers. Valneolextularia sp., yangehrenia cf Y. compressa (Ozawa), Para-
DeckerelUt sp. 2^ CLimacatynnivn tmlvuUnQides fusulina cincta RcichcL Armenma sphaera
Lange, l\îliie(fspiroplecuim>nmti ex gr. P. conspccta (Ozawa). Neosthwagerimi simplex Ozawa, N, sim¬
Reitlinger, Polytaxh sp.> Orthovertella sp., plex tenais 'loriyama Kanmera, Praesumatrina
Neodisem N. milldoides A. M.-Maday. neoscfrwagenmHdes (r3ep rar)-
Fusulinids. MinojapanelLi .sp., Pûmjvsidina cinc- Brachiopods. Acostirina sp., NeopUcatifera sp.,
ta Reichel, P, cl, P. erratoseptatn Kling, P. emssi- Trayisennatia gt-atiosa (WaagenJ, IJncinunellina cf.
septata Leven, P. cf. P. undulata Chen, U, anior (Gemmellaro).
P. japonica (Guembel), P. nakamigawai
Morikawa & Horiguchi, Psetidofusulina aff. Loc. llOhampUs 6, 7
P. hisamatsui Morikawa. These samples consist of a poorly sorted calciru-
dite, with biocalcarenite packstone pebbles, frag¬
Loc. llQharnple 2 ments of oncoidal trust, calcareous algac,
This sample is a reefoidal boundstone with forâminifers, gastropods, bryo/oans, bracliiopods
encrusted skeletal éléments and cavities fîlled and sheil fragments. Internai fissures are filled
with biosiltite. with fine-grained calcarenite. The environment
of déposition is intcrprcccd as marine fbrcrccf.
Loc. llOhcLmple 3 Small forâminifers. Tuberitina collosa Reitlinger,
This sample is from a small (about 0.7 m across) Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Duc Tien), M. sp.,
306 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3)
Permian and Triassic exotic blocks of the Crimea
Loc. llOkample W
At tliis locality ncar ihe eastcrn side of the block,
the talus is composcd of slightly marly gray
limestone yielding remains of brachiopods,
ammonoids atid irilobites.
Brachiopods. Entelrtes cf, E. sublacvis Waagcn,
E. geniculatîis Lichârew, Linoproductus aff.
L. kttseti Grant, üghinia dzhagrensiy Sarytdteva.
Sphinctoxoans. Colospongia sp., Cyymocoelia
zacharovi Belyaeva, Vesicotubulatia prima
Belyaeva, Paradeningeria martaensis Belyaeva,
Sollasia^. sp.
Ammonoids. Propinacoceras sp., Prostachcoceras
tanriciim (Toumansky), Cardiella kussica
(Toumansky).
Fig. 5. — Location of collection sites at the Kichkhi-Burnu
Permian limestone blocks in tho Maria River Basin (Loc. 110).
Matrix consistfi ol the Soraman sandstone (Pllensbachian) Loc. }l0/samplt‘s9,20. 21
Sûutheast of the main block ai this locality there
Lasiodiscus 'ip. 1. Palaeottxtul^ria sp. (= P. long!- is a sinallcr block cxposcd along the Glybovy
septata Lipin.i in Zheng 1986), Deckerella media Crcck (hig. 5). The lithology of the block
permiana Wang, Palaeospivopkciarnmina ex gr. consists of a poorly sorted calciruditc to calcare-
P. conspecîa Rcrirlingef, Tetrataxis }naxima nicc packstonc, with rcefboundsconc clasts, frag¬
Schellwien, T. sp., Globivalvulina graeai RcichcJ, ments of oncoidal crusc, calcareous algae,
Calcivertella sp., Orthiweriella sp.> Ncodiscus aiV. foraminîfers, crinoids, bryozoans, brachiopods
N. milliloides h. M.-Maday, Paçhyphhia sphami- and shell fragments. Internai fissures are filled
la Sosninai A ovata (Lange), Nodoinvolutaria with micrire. This lithology and fàuna indicate a
jiiinica Han. marine forereef palaeoenvironmcni.
Fusulinids. Ncoschwagerina simplex Ozawa, Small foraminîfers- Tuberitinn coUosa Rcitlingcr,
Cancellina sp., Pracstimatrina rossica A. M.- Atjussclla sp., Mendipsia sp., Dagrnarita sp.,
Maday, NeoftmilinclLi nana A. M.-Maday. Glohivalvulina sp., Neodiscus aff N. milliloidcs
A. M.'Maday.
Loc. îlO/samplc 5 Fusulinids. Neo^fusulinella lantenohi Deprat,
This sample consists of a poorly sonect biocald- N. saralnmensE Toriyama, Kanmera &: fngevat,
rudite, wirh calcareous algae, foraminifers, aggre- TV, nana A. M -Maday, Armaüna salgirica
gates and encrusiing laminated microbial mats A. M.^Maclay, Armentnn prisen Toriyama &
ISphearacodium). Kanmera, Verbeekina sp-, Praesumatrina neosvb-
Small foraminîfers. Globïvalvulina sp., Palaeo- wagerinoides (Deprar), Cancellina prtmigena
textîdariida indct. Haydcn, C. samburiensh Kanmera &c Toriyama,
Fusulînîds. Yangchienia baydeni Thompson, C. (Sbengella) cllipvica Yang, Neoscbwagerina sim-
y. roÀ/c’r/Thompson, Parajusulina sapperi (Staff*), plex Ozawa, Parafusulina granumavenae
P. japonica (Gumbd), P. nakarnigauuti Morikawa (Roemer), P. aff. P. tebuenkovi Leven, P. aff
& Horigucbi, PseudofusuUna cf. P. iienoensis P. yabei Hanzawa, Chiisenella Engi Sheng.
Kobayashi, Arnunina sarabtiriensh To.r)^3ma fit Brachiopods. Neoplicattfera sp., Marginifera car-
Kanmera, Verbeekina verbeeki (Geinitz), CanceP nioUca (Schellwien), Rostranteris inflatum
Ima iephnpttti Kanmera & Totiyama, Neoschwa- (Gemmellaro).
gerina colaniae (3zawa, N. ex gi. N. pinguis
Skinner, N. crativulifera (Schwager), Pseudo- Limestone of the main body of ihe Marta block
doliolhia ozawai Yabe & Hau/awa, and Prae- (Loc. 110) is characterised by cwo assemblages of
sumatrina grandis Leven. fusulinids: an assemblage of the Ncoschwagerina
GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3) 307
Kotlyar G. V., Baud A., Pronina G. P., Zakharov Y. D., Vuks V. Ja., Nestell M. K., Belyaeva G. V. & Marcoux J.
simplex zont (Loc. 110/1, 3, 4. 9, 20, 21) and (Luc. 122) of gray and light gray crinoid limcsto-
the assemblage of the Neoschwa^erinu cnuiaitife- ne (about 15 X 6 m) werc discovered (Fig. 4C).
ra zone (L.oc. 110/5). According to Bogoslov- They contain remains of algae, and sphincto-
skaya (1984), two ammonoid assemblages arc zoans — Colospongia cl. C. salinaria (Waagcn &
rccorded in the Marta block: (l) an oldcr one uf Wentzel), Vesicotubnlaria prima Belyaeva.
Roadian (Burnian) âge; (2) a younger one of
Wordiaa (Martian) âge. Zakharov (this wurk) Loc. I22a
found only ihe Roadian ammonoid assemblage This sample consists of a clast-supportcd calciru-
(Loc. 100/1, 10). Simll foraniinders (Loc. 110/ diie with eiicrustcd microbial cléments and bio-
1, 2, 4, 6> 7, 9, 20, 21) axe Roadian or Kuber- calcarenitc with foraminifers. Diagenesis showing
gandian. The brachiopod assemblage (Loc. 110/ radiaxal cernent and internai filled cavities of
T3, 9, 10, 21), is most probably also of a samc silty mudstone indicates an upper shoreface
âge. The Roadian ammonoids, sniall tbraminifers marine dcpositional environment.
and brachiopods occur with fusulinids of the Small foraminifers. Pornberitina reiiHiigerae
Neoschwugerina simplex zone. A. M.-Maclay, Mendipsia conili (Nguyen Duc
Tien), Lasiodiscus Tennis Rcichcl, Lasionvehus sp.,
Alma Rivek Basin Postendothyra sp., CÂimacammina sp., Palaeo-
Exotic blocks and pebbics of Permian limestonc spiroplectammina sp., Dagmarita sp., and
within Eskiofda Scrie are also rccorded in the Geinitzina sp.
Alma River Basin, in the areas of the Bodrak
River, and Izvesrny.Tkovy and Niknik creeks Lac ]22b
(Fig. 4B). This sarnpie is a cla.st-siipported calcirudite from
a pcrircetal environment containing foraminifers,
Loc. 129 calcareous aJgae. bryozoans and brachiopods.
Many blocks of different âges hâve been observed Small foraminifers. Eotuheritinn reitlingerae
in the Bodrak River area. Here vve are describing A. M.-Macby, Tuberitinu collnsa Rcitlingcr,
a new Permian block (Loc. 129) discovered in Lasiodiscus tennis Reichcl, Neoendothyrn sp.,
1996 (Fig. 4A). ’Fhis isolatcd block is locared on Postendothyra sp., Palaeoiexinlaria sp. 3,
the right bank of the river near Trudolubovka CAimacammina sp. 1, C. verbeeki Lange, C ex gr.
Village. C Viitvulinoidc^ Lange, Deckerella sp., Palaeo-
The block from which this samplc (Loc. 129) spiroplectammina sp., Tetrataxis sp., Abadehella
was obtaincd Ls about 0.5 ni across. It is a biocal- sp., Agathammina sp., Multidiscm sp., Nodosaria
ciruditc with carbonare-quarrziric cernent and sagitta K. M.'Maday, N. pLmocamerata Sosnina,
rounded millimétré ro centimètre sized pebble IjtngdLt perfonna langei C'ivrieux & De.ssauvagie,
clasts of lime rnudsione. calcareou.s sponges, Geinitzina aiaxensis G. BroninUi G. spandeli
radiolarian lime mudstonc, cotais, and foramini- Tchcrdynzcv». G, uralka simplex Iv. M.-Maclay,
fers. There are also .single ooids in ihe mairix. Pachyphloia rohmta K, M.-Maclay, Pseudotristix
This texture indicates an exposure ol a Permian solida Reitlinger, Ichtyolaria primitiva Civrieux &
sequcnce reworked in a high-energy shallow plat- Dessauvagie, and Hubeirobuloides sp.
form marine environment with quarr/.itic terrige- Fusulinids. Cüdonojusu'lla cf. C. erki Rauscr, and
nous in pur. Reichelina changhsingvnsts Sheng &: Chang.
Small foraminifers. Lasunliscus tennis Reichel,
Globivûlvulina sp., Agathammina sp., Nodosaria Loc. 122e
caucasien mirabilis K. M.-Maclay, Pachyphloia This sample is a reefal houndstonc with a
cukurkoyi Civrieux & Dessauvagie. Microcodium type of encruscation and radiaxal
cernent.
Loc. 122 Small foraminifers. Lasiodiscus minor Reichel,
On the right bank of Izvestnyakovy Creek, about Neoendothyra sp.y Globivalvulina sp., Hemigordius
350 m upstream from its mouth, several blocks sp-, and Geinitzina sp.
308 GEODIVERSITAS • 1999 • 21 (3)