Perceptual Computing: Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments (IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence) PDF
Preview Perceptual Computing: Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments (IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence)
ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page iii PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING Aiding People in Making Subjective Judgments JERRY M. MENDEL DONGRUI WU IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Sponsor IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence David B. Fogel, Series Editor IEEE PRESS A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page vi ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page i PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page ii IEEIEE EPEre sPsr ess 4454 4H5o eHs oLeasn eL ane PisPciastcaawtaayw, aNyJ, 0N8J8 5048 854 IEEE Press Editorial Board LIaEjoEs EH aPnzroe,s Es dEitdori tion rCiahile Bf oard Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief R. Abari T. Chen B. M. Hammerli J.R A.n Adebrsaorni T. GM. C. Erold-aH awary O. M alik S. Nahavandi S. Basu M. El-Hawary S. Nahavandi J. Anderson B. M. Hammerli W. Reeve A. Chatterjee S. Farshchi W. Reeve F. Canavero M. Lanzerotti T. Samad T. G. Croda O. Malik G. Zobrist Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) IEEE-CIS Liaison to IEEE Press, Gary B. Fogel Books in the IEEE Press Series on Computational Intelligence Evolving Intelligent Systems: Methodology and Applications Edited by Plamen Angelov, Dimitar Filev, and Nik Kasabov 2010 978-0470-28719-4 Biometrics: Theory, Methods, and Applications Edited by Nikolaos V. Boulgouris, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, and Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou 2010 978-0470-24782-2 Clustering Rui Wu and Donald Wunsch II 2009 978-0470-27680-0 Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics Edited by David B. Fogel, David W. Corne, and Yi Pan 2008 978-0470-10526-9 Introduction to Evolable Hardware: A Practical Guide for Designing Self-Adaptive Systems Garrison W. Greenwood and Andrew M. Tyrrell 2007 978-0471-71977-9 Evolutionary Computation: Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence, Third Edition David B. 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Fogel, Series Editor IEEE PRESS A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page iv Copyright © 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Mendel, Jerry M., 1938- Perceptual computing : aiding people in making subjective judgments / Jerry M. Mendel and Dongrui Wu. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-470-47876-9 (cloth) 1. Human-computer interaction. 2. Computational intelligence. 3. Decision making. 4. Fuzzy sets. I. Wu, Dongrui. II. Title. QA76.9.H85M428 2010 006.3—dc22 2009041401 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page v To Lotfi Zadeh, founder of computing with words and fuzzy logic Letty Mendel, wife of Jerry M. Mendel Shunyou Wu, Shenglian Luo, and Ying Li, parents and wife of Dongrui Wu ffirs.qxd 3/14/2010 3:58 PM Page vi ftoc.qxd 3/14/2010 3:28 PM Page vii Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Perceptual Computing 1 1.2 Examples 3 1.2.1 Investment Decision Making 3 1.2.2 Social Judgment Making 5 1.2.3 Hierarchical Decision Making 7 1.2.4 Hierarchical and Distributed Decision Making 9 1.3 Historical Origins of Perceptual Computing 11 1.4 How to Validate the Perceptual Computer 15 1.5 The Choice of Fuzzy Set Models for the Per-C 16 1.6 Keeping the Per-C as Simple as Possible 19 1.7 Coverage of the Book 20 1.8 High-Level Synopses of Technical Details 24 1.8.1 Chapter 2: Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 24 1.8.2 Chapter 3: Encoding: From a Word to a Model—The 26 Codebook 1.8.3 Chapter 4: Decoding: From FOUs to a Recommendation 27 1.8.4 Chapter 5: Novel Weighted Averages as a CWW Engine 29 1.8.5 Chapter 6: If–Then Rules as a CWW Engine 29 References 31 2 Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 35 2.1 A Brief Review of Type-1 Fuzzy Sets 35 2.2 Introduction to Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 38 2.3 Definitions 42 2.4 Wavy-Slice Representation Theorem 45 2.5 Set-Theoretic Operations 45 2.6 Centroid of an IT2 FS 46 2.6.1 General Results 46 2.6.2 Properties of the Centroid 50 2.7 KM Algorithms 52 vii
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