Peppers : botany, production and uses

309 Pages·2012·3.9 MB·English

by  Vincent M Russo

Edited by
Vincent M. Russo
Peppers
Botany, Production and Uses
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Peppers
Botany, Production and Uses
Edited by
Vincent M. Russo
USDA/ARS Wes Watkins Agricultural Research Laboratory,
Lane, Oklahoma, USA
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Peppers : botany, production and uses/Vincent M. Russo, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-767-6 (alk. paper)
1. Peppers. 2. Peppers--Utilization. I. Russo, Vincent M. II. Title.
SB351.P4P47 2011
635'.643--dc23
2011028633
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 767 6
Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert
Editorial assistant: Gwenan Spearing
Production editor: Shankari Wilford
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 Ethnobotany 1
Linda Perry
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Archaeobotanical Record 2
1.3 Considering the Archaeological Data 7
1.4 Chillies Circa and After European Contact 8
1.5 Why are Chillies so Popular? 10
2 The Taxonomy of the Genus Capsicum 14
W. Hardy Eshbaugh
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Taxonomy 14
2.3 The Domesticated Capsicums 15
C. annuum var. annuum L. 17
C. chinense Jacq. 19
C. frutescens L. 20
C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh 21
C. pubescens Ruiz & Pavon 21
A key to the domesticated Capsicum species 21
2.4 Modern Studies of Capsicum that Relate to their Taxonomy 22
2.5 Origin and Evolution of Capsicum 25
3 Genetics 29
John R. Stommel and Elena Albrecht
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Taxonomy and Botany 29
vi Contents
Capsicum species 30
Flower structure 31
Male sterility 31
Interspecific hybridization 32
3.3 Molecular Linkage Maps 32
3.4 Horticultural Traits 32
Color 34
Capsaicinoids 36
Morphology 38
3.5 Pest Resistance and Physiological Disorders 40
Disease resistance 40
Insects, mites, and nematode resistance 44
Abiotic disorders 45
3.6 Future Prospects 45
4 Greenhouse Production 57
Wei-Chin Lin and Mikal Saltveit
4.1 Introduction 57
Botany and commercial cultivars 57
Nutritional values 57
Production in the world 57
4.2 Greenhouse Structure 58
Location 58
Structure and coverings 59
Environmental control 59
4.3 Production 60
Pepper plant propagation 60
Production systems 61
Spacing, training, and pruning 62
Pollination, fruit set, and yield 63
Physiological disorders 63
4.4 Harvest and Postharvest 63
Harvest maturity 64
Grading and packaging 64
Storage 64
Chilling injury and storage disorders 65
Preharvest factors 66
4.5 Insects and Diseases 66
Insects 66
Diseases 66
4.6 Challenge and Opportunity 67
Production costs 67
Stress tolerance 67
Impact on environment 67
Nutritional values and health concerns 67
Breeding 68
4.7 Summary 68
Contents vi i
5 Tissue Culture of Capsicum Species 72
N. Santana-Buzzy, J.J. Bello-Bello, L. Iglesias-Andreu, J.J. Zuniga Aguilar,
A. Canto-Flick, S.A. Aviles-Vinas, C.A. Lecona-Guzman, D. Solis-Marroquin,
E. Gomez-Uc, E. Balam-Uc, G.F. Arcos-Ortega, and J.O. Mijangos-Cortes
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Recalcitrance of Capsicum Genus 72
The genotype and explant in regeneration 74
5.3 In vitro Morphogenesis of Capsicum Genus 77
Organogenesis 78
Somatic embryogenesis 78
5.4 Plant Tissue Culture for Pepper Crop Improvement 80
Somaclonal variation in pepper 80
Haploid culture 81
Protoplast culture 81
Genetic transformation of chilli pepper 81
5.5 Perspectives 81
6 Transplant Production 87
Timothy L. Grey and Theodore M. Webster
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Seed Production 87
6.3 Priming Seed 88
Seed 88
Priming methods 89
Seed coating 89
6.4 Greenhouse Seedling Production 90
Temperature 91
Moisture 91
Humidity 92
6.5 Media 92
Composition 92
Nongreenhouse production 92
6.6 Organic Variations 92
6.7 Planter Trays 94
6.8 Seeding Methods 95
Fertilization 95
6.9 Pest Control 96
Insects 96
Fungi 96
Other pests and problems 97
6.10 Plant Hardening 97
7 Transplanters for Use in Pepper Production 100
G.V. Prasanna Kumar and Hifjur Raheman
7.1 Introduction 100
7.2 Types of Transplanters and Seedlings 100
Classification of seedlings 102
viii Contents
7.3 Mechanical Details of Transplanters for Peppers 103
Seedling box or tray holder 103
Trash cutting devices, furrow openers, soil covering and soil packing devices 103
Planting unit 104
Seedling pick-up unit 105
7.4 Recent Advances in the Design of Transplanters 107
7.5 Performance of Transplanters 108
7.6 Transplanting Requirements of Peppers and Mechanical Transplanters 109
8 Stand Establishment 112
Daniel I. Leskovar and Brian A. Kahn
8.1 Introduction 112
8.2 Methods of Establishment 112
Direct seeding 112
Transplanting 113
8.3 Field Conditions and Environmental Stresses 114
Bedding and crusting 114
Temperature 115
Drought 115
Nutrition 116
Salinity 116
8.4 Transplant Shock 117
Chemical agents and ABA to reduce transplant shock 117
Biological agents to induce drought tolerance 118
8.5 Comparisons of Direct Seeding versus Transplanting 118
Root morphology and biomass partitioning 118
Earliness and fruit yield 119
8.6. Progress and Prospects 119
9 Pepper Fertilization and Irrigation Management 125
Bielinski M. Santos
9.1 Plant Nutrition Generalities 125
Nitrogen 126
Phosphorus 126
Potassium 126
Calcium 126
Magnesium 126
Sulfur 127
Iron 127
Manganese 127
Zinc 127
Boron 127
Copper 127
Molybdenum 127
Chlorine 127
Nickel 127
9.2 Pepper Fertilization 128
Factors affecting fertilization practices 128
Nutritional requirements and sufficiency levels 129
Fertilization practices 131
Organic fertilization 131
Contents ix
9.3 Pepper Irrigation 133
Evapotranspiration and crop water use 133
Irrigation programs and monitoring 133
10 Cropping Systems for Field Production 137
Brian A. Kahn and Daniel I. Leskovar
10.1 Introduction 137
10.2 Soil Preparation 137
Bedding as a cultural practice 137
Mulching 138
10.3 Plant Population and Plant Arrangement 139
10.4 Plant Management Factors 140
Row covers/low tunnels 140
Pruning, training, and plant support 141
Use of plant growth regulators 142
10.5 Specialized Cropping Systems 143
Systems that modify tillage 143
Intercropping 144
Ratoon cropping 145
10.6 Progress and Prospects 145
11 Salt Tolerance in Pepper (Capsicum spp.) 150
Genhua Niu
11.1 Introduction 150
11.2 Definition and Measurement of Salinity 151
11.3 Assessment of Salt Tolerance 151
11.4 Factors Influencing Salt Tolerance 152
Environmental conditions 152
Nutrient management 153
Plant age 153
Culture practice 154
11.5 Effects of Salinity and Soil Type on Seedling Emergence
of Pungent Peppers 154
11.6 Salt Tolerance of Pungent Peppers During Early Vegetative Growth
Under Greenhouse Conditions 157
11.7 Salt Tolerance of Pungent Peppers Under Field Conditions 159
11.8 Physiological Responses of Peppers to Salinity 159
Ion uptake 159
Other physiological responses 161
11.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 161
12 Organic Pepper Production 165
Monica Ozores-Hampton, Pamela Roberts, and Philip A. Stansly
12.1 Introduction 165
12.2 Organic Pepper Transplant Production 166
12.3 Organic Soil Fertility Program 166
12.4 Nutrient Budgeting in Organic Pepper Production 166
Cover crops 166
Compost and composting 168
Manures 169