Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies during World War II and its Aftermath (Occupation in Europe)

289 Pages·2008·1.43 MB·English

by  Gustavo Corni

Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page i
People on the Move
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page ii
ThisbookispartoftheEuropeanScienceFoundation(ESF)programme‘OccupationinEurope:
TheImpactofNationalSocialistandFascistRule’.
ISSN:1753–7894
TheESFisanindependent,non-governmentalorganizationofnationalresearchorganizations.
Ourstrengthliesinthemembershipandinourabilitytobringtogetherthedifferentdomainsof
Europeanscienceinordertomeetthescientificchallengesofthefuture.TheESF’smembership
currentlyincludesseventy-seveninfluentialnationalfundingagencies,research-performing
agenciesandacademiesfromthirtynationsasitscontributingmembers.
Sinceitsestablishmentin1974,theESF,whichhasitsheadquartersinStrasbourgwithofficesin
BrusselsandOstend,hasassembledahostofresearchorganizationsthatspanalldisciplinesof
scienceinEurope,tocreateacommonplatformforcross-bordercooperation.
Wearededicatedtosupportingourmembersinpromotingscience,scientificresearchandscience
policyacrossEurope.ThroughitsactivitiesandinstrumentsESFhasmademajorcontributionsto
scienceinaglobalcontext.TheESFcoversthefollowingscientificdomains:
• Humanities
• Life,EarthandEnvironmentalSciences
• MedicalSciences
• PhysicalandEngineeringSciences
• SocialSciences
• MarineSciences
• NuclearPhysics
• PolarSciences
• RadioAstronomyFrequencies
• SpaceSciences
Thisseriesincludes:
Vol.1
SurvivingHitlerandMussolini:DailyLifeinOccupiedEurope
EditedbyRobertGildea,OlivierWieviorkaandAnetteWarring
Vol.2
TheWarforLegitimacyinPoliticsandCulture,1936–1946
EditedbyMartinConwayandPeterRomijn
Vol.3
PeopleontheMove:ForcedPopulationMovementsinEuropeintheSecondWorldWarand
itsAftermath
PerttiAhonen,GustavoCorni,JerzyKochanowski,RainerSchulze,TamásStarkandBarbara
Stelzl-Marx
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page iii
People on the Move
Forced Population Movements in Europe in the Second
World War and Its Aftermath
Pertti Ahonen, Gustavo Corni, Jerzy Kochanowski,
Rainer Schulze, Tamás Stark and Barbara Stelzl-Marx
Oxford•NewYork
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page iv
EnglishEdition
Firstpublishedin2008by
Berg
Editorialoffices:
1stFloor,AngelCourt,81StClementsStreet,Oxford,OX41AW,UK
175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010,USA
©ESF2008
Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanyform
orbyanymeanswithoutthewrittenpermissionofBerg.
BergistheimprintofOxfordInternationalPublishersLtd.
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Peopleonthemove:forcedpopulationmovementsinEuropeinthe
SecondWorldWaranditsaftermath/PerttiAhonen...[etal.].—English
ed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-1-84520-480-8(cloth)
ISBN-10:1-84520-480-8(cloth)
ISBN-13:978-1-84520-824-0(pbk.)
ISBN-10:1-84520-824-2(pbk.)
1. Populationtransfers—History—20thcentury.2. WorldWar,1939-
1945—Deportations.3. Forcedmigration—Europe—History—20th
century. I.Ahonen,Pertti.
D820.P7P462008
940.53'1—dc22 2008023634
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN9781845204808(Cloth)
9781845208240(Paper)
TypesetbyAvocetTypeset,Chilton,Aylesbury,Bucks
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyBiddlesLtd,King’sLynn
www.bergpublishers.com
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page v
Contents
NotesonAuthors vii
ListofAbbreviations ix
Foreword xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1TheRiseoftheModernIdeaofaNation 1
1.2TheParisPeaceConferenceandItsConsequences 3
1.3TheCompulsoryGreek–TurkishPopulationExchange 6
2 ForcedMigrationPlansandPoliciesofNaziGermany 11
2.1Hitler’sIdeology 11
2.2GermansoutsidetheReich:FromProtectionto‘HeiminsReich’ 14
2.3NaziGermany’sPlansforOccupiedPoland 20
2.4SovietPopulationPolicyinPoland 23
2.5TheImplementationoftheGermanPlansintheOccupiedEastern
Territories 26
2.6TheGeneralplanOst 34
2.7GeneralplanOst:ImplementationandFailure 37
3 ThePopulationPoliciesofthe‘Axis’Allies 43
3.1FascistItalyandthe‘MediterraneanEmpire’ 43
3.2Hungary:PrinciplesandPractices 48
3.3RomanianPlansandPractices 53
4 PopulationMovementsattheEndoftheWarandinItsAftermath 61
4.1TheVictors’PlansandTheirImplementation 61
4.2TheFateoftheDefeatedNationsintheCarpatho-DanubianBasin 69
4.3TheExpulsionofGermansfromPolandandCzechoslovakia 86
4.4TowardsaNationallyHomogeneousState:Poland1944–6 96
4.5TheExodusofItaliansfromIstriaandDalmatia 103
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page vi
vi • Contents
5 TheExperienceofForcedMigration 111
5.1The‘HeiminsReich’ProgrammeandItsImpact 111
5.2DeportationsintotheUSSR 122
5.3FlightandExpulsionsofPolesandGermansattheWar’sEnd 129
6 ForcedMigrationsandMassMovementsintheMemorialization
ProcessessincetheSecondWorldWar 143
6.1Introduction 143
6.2MemoryandCommemorationofFlightandExpulsioninGermany 145
6.3MemoryandCommemorationofFlightandExpulsioninPoland 155
7 ForcedLabourersintheThirdReich 167
7.1TheConflictbetweenRacialIdeologyandEconomicPolicy 168
7.2DefinitionandCategories 170
7.3TheExperience:AbductiontotheReich 173
7.4TheFateofForcedLabourersattheWar’sEnd 181
7.5ForcedLabourintheMemorializationProcess 191
Appendix:Maps 199
Notes 203
SelectBibliography 253
Index 265
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page vii
Authors
PerttiAhonen is Senior Lecturer in Modern European History in the School of
History,ClassicsandArchaeologyattheUniversityofEdinburgh.Hereceivedhis
PhDinmodernEuropeanhistoryfromYaleUniversityandtaughtforseveralyears
attheUniversityofSheffieldbeforemovingtoEdinburghin2005.Heistheauthor
of After the Expulsion:West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990 (Oxford,
2003)andofarangeofarticlesandbookchaptersontwentiethcenturyEuropean
history.HeiscurrentlywritingabookentitledVictimsoftheBerlinWall:Political
Legitimation and Identity Building in ColdWar Germany for Oxford University
Press.
Gustavo Corni has taught at the universities of Bologna, Venice, Chieti and
Trieste, and since 2001 has been full Professor of Contemporary History at the
University of Trento. He was 1992 and 2008 fellow of the Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation, in 1995 visiting professor inVienna, 1999/2000 fellow at
theOxfordCentreforHebrewandJewishStudies,andispermanentfellowatthe
InstituteforContemporaryHistory,Munich.HespecializesinGermanhistoryin
thetwentiethcenturyandthecomparativesocialhistoryofwars.Hismainpubli-
cations are: Hitler’s Ghettos: Voices from a Beleaguered Society 1939–1944
(London, 2002), Il sogno del grande spazio: Le politiche d’occupazione
nell’Europanazista(Rome,2005)andHitler(Bologna,2007).
Jerzy Kochanowski graduated in 1984 fromWarsaw University and since 2005
hasbeenaprofessoratWarsawUniversity.From2000to2005hewasafellowat
the German Historical Institute in Warsaw and in 2007 visiting professor at the
University of Mainz. Since 2006 he has been coordinator of the international
research project ‘Hidden paths: unofficial contacts in socialist societies
1956–1989’. His main areas of interest are: Polish social history since 1945,
forcedmigrations,andtheGermanminorityinPoland.HispublicationsincludeIn
polnischer Gefangenschaft: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Polen 1945–1950
(Osnabrück,2004).
Rainer Schulze taught Modern European History at the University of Bochum,
Birkbeck College London and Roehampton University, before joining the
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page viii
viii • Contributors
University of Essex in 1995, where he is currently Head of the Department of
History.Hehasspecializedintwentieth-centuryGermanhistory,Germancollec-
tivememoryandidentity,thehistoryofBergen-Belsenandthehistoryofforced
migrations after the SecondWorldWar, and published widely in these areas. His
publicationsincludetheeditedvolumesZwischenHeimatundZuhause:Deutsche
FlüchtlingeundVertriebenein(West-)Deutschland1945–2000(Osnabrück,2001)
and AugenZeugen: Fotos, Filme und Zeitzeugenbericht in der neuen
Dauerausstellung der Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen – Hintergrund und Kontext
(Hannover,2007).Hecontributedasoneoftheprojectleaderstothedevelopment
ofthenewpermanentexhibitionattheGedenkstätteBergen-Belsenand,in2005,
was appointed a member of the International Experts’ Commission for the
Redevelopment of the Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen. He is currently preparing a
monographonthehistoryandmemoryofBergen-Belsenconcentrationcamp.
Tamás Stark received his PhD from the University of Budapest in 1993. From
1983hewasaresearcherattheInstituteofHistoryoftheHungarianAcademyof
Sciences, and in 2000 he was appointed a senior research fellow. Since 2003 he
hasworkedattheMuseumoftheHouseofTerrorinBudapest.Hisspecialization
isforcedpopulationmovementinEast-CentralEuropeintheperiod1938–56,with
special regard to the history of the Holocaust, the fate of prisoners of war and
civilian internees, and the post-war migrations. His main publications include
Hungary’sHumanLossesinWorldWarII(Uppsala,1995),HungarianJewsduring
the Holocaust and after the SecondWorldWar, 1939–1949:A Statistical Review
(Boulder,CO,2000)andMagyarokszovietfogszgbar(Budapest,2006)onthefate
oftheHungarianprisonersunderSovietcontrol.
Barbara Stelzl-Marx is deputy director at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for
Research onWar Consequences (BIK), Graz–Vienna–Klagenfurt, and lecturer at
the University of Graz. Since October 2005 she has beenAPART-scholar of the
AustrianAcademyofSciences.ShehasbeenastudentattheuniversitiesofGraz,
Oxford,Volgograd,MoscowandStamford.ThefocusofherresearchistheSoviet
occupationofAustria1945–55,theColdWar,andSecondWorldWarprisonersof
war in the Third Reich and in the USSR. Her publications include: Zwischen
FiktionundZeitzeugenschaft:AmerikanischeundsowjetischeKriegsgefangeneim
StalagXVIIBKrems-Gneixendorf(Tübingen,2000);ed.withStefanKarnerand
Alexander Tschubarjan, Die Rote Armee in Österreich: Sowjetische Besatzung
1945–1955. Dokumente, 2 vols (Graz–Vienna–Munich, 2005); ed. with Günter
Bischof and Stefan Karner, Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkrieges:
Gefangennahme–Lagerleben–Rückkehr.ZehnJahreLudwigBoltzmann-Institut
fürKriegsfolgen-Forschung(ViennaandMunich,2005).
Peopleonmove:Mizoguchi 8/7/08 17:00 Page ix
Abbreviations
AAN ArchiwumAktNowych(ArchiveofModernRecords,Warsaw)
AdBIK ArchivdesLudwigBoltzmannInstitutsfürKriegsfolgen-
Forschung(ArchiveoftheLudwigBoltzmannInstitutefor
ResearchonWarConsequences,Graz–Vienna–Klagenfurt)
AO Auslandsorganisation(NSDAPForeignOrganization)
APART AustrianProgrammeforAdvancedResearchandTechnology
APW ArchiwumPan´stwowem.st.Warszawy(WarsawRegionalState
Archive)
AVNOJ Antifasˇisticˇkovijec´enarodnogoslobod-enjaJugoslavije(Anti-
FascistCouncilofthePeople’sLiberationofYugoslavia)
BdV BundderVertriebenen(GermanLeagueofExpellees)
BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt
BHE BundderHeimatvertriebenenundEntrechteten(GermanLeague
ofExpelleesandDisenfranchised)
BVFK BundesministeriumfürVertriebene,Flüchtlingeund
Kriegsgeschädigte(GermanFederalMinistryofExpellees,
RefugeesandWarVictims)
CAUR Comitatid’azioneperl’universalitàdiRoma(ActionCommittees
fortheUniversalityofRome)
CIS CommonwealthofIndependentStates(originalRussian:
SodruzhestvoNezavisimychGosudarstv,SNG)
CPSU CommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion(originalRussian:
KommunisticˇeskajaPartijaSovetskogoSojuza,KPSS)
CUP CommitteeofUnionandProgress(originalTurkish:Ittihadve
TerakkiCemiyeti)
DP Displacedperson
DVL DeutscheVolksliste(ListofEthnicGermans)
FRG FederalRepublicofGermany
GARF GosudarstvennyiArchivRossiiskoiFederacii(StateArchiveofthe
RussianFederation,Moscow)
GDR GermanDemocraticRepublic
GG Generalgouvernement(GermanGeneralGovernmentinPolish
OccupiedTerritories)