Table Of Content

PeopleandSpacesinRomanMilitaryBases Thisstudyusesartefactdistributionanalysestoinvestigatetheactivi- tiesthattookplaceinsideearlyRomanimperialmilitarybases.Focus- ingespeciallyonnon-combatactivities,itexploresthelivesoffamilies andothersupportpersonnelwhoarewidelyassumedtohaveinhab- itedciviliansettlementsoutsidethefortificationwalls.Spatialanalyses, inGIS-typeenvironments,areusedtodevelopfreshperspectiveson therangeofpeoplewholivedwithinthewallsofthesemilitaryestab- lishments, the various industrial, commercial, domestic and leisure activitiesinwhichtheyandcombatpersonnelwereinvolved,andthe socio-spatialorganisationoftheseactivitiesandtheseestablishments. Thebookincludesexamplesofbothlegionaryfortressesandauxiliary fortsfromtheGermanprovincestodemonstratethatmorematerial- cultural approaches to the artefact assemblages from these sites give greaterinsightsintohowthesemilitarycommunitiesoperatedandto demonstratetheproblemsofascribingfunctionstobuildingswithout investigatingthefullmaterialrecord. penelope m. allison is Reader in Archaeology and Ancient HistoryattheUniversityofLeicester.Shehasbeenteachingancienthis- toryandarchaeologyforoverthirtyyearsandhasalsoheldanumber of research posts, including an Australian Research Council Queen Elizabeth II fellowship at the Australian National University; Aus- tralian Bicentennial fellowship in the Faculty of Classics, University ofCambridge;andVisitingFellowshipatStJohn’sCollege,University ofDurham.AFellowoftheSocietyofAntiquariesandanHonorary FellowoftheAustralianAcademyofHumanities,shehaswrittenand edited several ground-breaking books on Roman archaeology and householdarchaeology,includingTheArchaeologyofHouseholdActiv- ities(1999),PompeianHouseholds:AnAnalysisoftheMaterialCulture (2004), and The Insula of the Menander in Pompeii III: The Finds, A ContextualStudy(2006). People and Spaces in Roman Military Bases penelope m. allison UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107039360 (cid:2)C PenelopeM.Allison2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Allison,PenelopeM.,1954– PeopleandspacesinRomanmilitarybases/PenelopeM.Allison. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-03936-0(hardback) 1.Fortification,Roman. 2.Fortification,Roman–Germany. 3.Rome–Militaryantiquities. 4.Germany–Antiquities,Roman. 5.Romans–Germany. 6.Socialarchaeology. I.Title. UG365.A55 2013 355.709363–dc23 2013010813 ISBN978-1-107-03936-0Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listoffigures [pagevii] Listoftables [xvii] Preface [xix] 1 Introduction [1] 2 ApproachingRomanmilitarycommunities [12] 3 StudyingRomanartefactsandsocialpractice [33] 4 Siteselectionanddataprocessing [50] 5 CategorisingRomanartefacts [65] 6 VeteraI [109] Introduction [109] Activityandidentitycategoriesforspecificartefacts [115] Analysesofartefactdistribution [121] 7 Rottweil(AraFlaviae)–FortsIandII [152] IntroductiontoRottweil [152] IntroductiontoFortsIandII [154] Activityandidentitycategoriesforspecificartefacts [164] Analysesofartefactdistribution [166] 8 ThefortatOberstimm [179] Introduction [179] Activityandidentitycategoriesforspecificartefacts [188] Analysesofartefactdistribution [191] 9 ThefortatHesselbach [222] Introduction [222] Activityandidentitycategoriesforspecificartefacts [228] Analysesofartefactdistribution [229] 10 ThefortatEllingen [232] Introduction [232] Activityandidentitycategoriesforspecificartefacts [241] Analysesofartefactdistribution [245] 11 Inter-sitespatialdistributionofactivitiesanduseofspace [281] v vi Contents 12 Statusandgenderidentity–therolesandimpactofwomenand children [319] 13 Concludingcomments [344] appendices A Accessingandusingthedataandthedistributionmaps [359] B VeteraI:preparationandassessmentofthedata [361] C RottweilFortsIandII:preparationandassessmentof thedata [383] D Oberstimm:preparationandassessmentofthedata [399] E Hesselbach:preparationandassessmentofthedata [415] F Ellingen:preparationandassessmentofthedata [421] G Drawingsofartefacts [437] Bibliography [453] Index [481] List of figures 1.1 MapofGermanyshowinglocationsofthesitesinstudy.(Drawing P.A.Faulkner.) [page8] 2.1 TombstoneofDagvalda,mournedbyhiswife,Pusinna,from CawfieldsonHadrian’sWall.(CourtesyoftheTrusteesofthe ClaytonCollection,ChestersMuseum.) [21] 6.1 MapshowingXanten,ColoniaUlpiaTraianiaandVeteraI.(Adapted fromHanel1995:pl.1byD.Miles-Williams.) [110] 6.2 PlanofVeteraIshowingremainsofallfortressesandnumberingof buildingsinlastClaudian–Neronianfortress,includingbuilding underlyinglaterBuildingF.(AdaptedfromHanel1995:plan169by S.EllisandM.Sterry.) [111] 7.1 LocationmapforRottweil.(AdaptedfromFranke2003fig.3by D.Miles-Williams.) [153] 7.2 MapshowingpositionofRottweilforts.(AdaptedfromFranke2003: fig.4byD.Miles-Williams.) [153] 7.3 PlanofRottweilFortIshowingexcavationareas.(Adaptedfrom Franke2003fig.5byD.Miles-Williams.) [155] 7.4 PlanofRottweilFortsIandIIindicatingbuildingsexcavatedand reconstructedbarrackbuildings.(Adaptedfromvariousplansin Franke2003byD.Miles-Williams.) [156] 7.5 Artefactspotentiallyassociatedwithwomenandchildren,asa percentageofartefactsinthisstudyineachexcavationareaat Rottweil. [174] 8.1 LocationmapforthefortatOberstimm.(Adaptedfrom Scho¨nberger,vonKo¨hlerandSimon1989:fig.2by D.Miles-Williams.) [180] 8.2 PlanshowingScho¨nberger’sexcavationsofthefortat Oberstimm.(AdaptedfromScho¨nberger1978:fig.2by D.Miles-Williams.) [180] 8.3 PlanofScho¨nberger’sexcavationsofthefortatOberstimm. (AdaptedfromScho¨nberger1978:fig3,byD.Miles- Williams.) [183] vii viii Listoffigures 8.4 PlanofthefortatOberstimmindicatingbuildingsexcavatedand thosereconstructedbyScho¨nberger.(Adaptedfromvariousplansin Scho¨nberger1978,byS.EllisandM.Sterry.) [184] 8.5 DistributionofanimalboneinthefortatOberstimm,by period. [204] 9.1 LocationmapforHesselbach.(AdaptedfromBaatz1973:fig.1by D.Miles-Williams.) [223] 9.2 PlanofthefortatHesselbach.(AdaptedfromBaatz1973:fig.35by S.Ellis.) [224] 10.1 PlanoffortatEllingenshowingbuildingphases.(Adaptedfrom Zanier1992:Beilage1byD.Miles-Williams.) [233] (In the distribution maps in the following figures in the Appendices, the plotsoutsidethefortwallsareofunprovenancedfinds.) B.1 Buildingareasaspercentagesofthetotalexcavatedareaat VeteraI. [366] B.2 Percentageofallartefactsineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [367] B.3 Densityofallartefacts(perm2)ineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [368] B.4 DistributionofcoinsatVeteraI,bydate. [369] B.5 Percentageofcoinsineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [370] B.6 Densityofcoins(perm2)ineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [371] B.7 DistributionoffineceramicsatVeteraI. [372] B.8 Percentageofthefineceramicsineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [373] B.9 Densityoffineceramics(perm2)ineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [374] B.10 DistributionofutilitarianceramicsatVeteraI. [375] B.11 Percentageofutilitarianceramicsineachbuildingandstreetareaat VeteraI. [376] B.12 Densityofutilitarianceramics(perm2)ineachbuildingandstreet areaatVeteraI. [376] B.13 Correspondenceanalysisbetweenbuildings,withmorethanten artefacts,andgenderedcategories.(AnalysisbyA.Fairbairn.) [379]