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Pedro Alexandre Santos Leitão Caetano Alves 2015 PDF

281 Pages·2015·5.76 MB·English
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UNIVERSIDADE  DE  LISBOA   FACULDADE  DE  CIÊNCIAS   DEPARTAMENTO  DE  QUÍMICA  E  BIOQUÍMICA             MOLECULAR  ASPECTS  OF  THE  CHEMICAL  DRYING  OF  OIL  PAINTS     FORMULATED  IN  THE  PERIOD  1890-­‐1940       Pedro  Alexandre  Santos  Leitão  Caetano  Alves         DOUTORAMENTO  EM  QUÍMICA  (QUÍMICA)         2015 UNIVERSIDADE  DE  LISBOA   FACULDADE  DE  CIÊNCIAS   DEPARTAMENTO  DE  QUÍMICA  E  BIOQUÍMICA         MOLECULAR  ASPECTS  OF  THE  CHEMICAL  DRYING  OF  OIL  PAINTS     FORMULATED  IN  THE  PERIOD  1890-­‐1940     Pedro  Alexandre  Santos  Leitão  Caetano  Alves     Tese  supervisionada  pela  Professora  Doutora  Maria  Helena  Ferreira   da  Silva  Florêncio  e  pelo  Professor  Doutor  Jaap  J.  Boon     ESPECIALMENTE  ELABORADA  PARA  OBTER  O  GRAU  DE    DOUTOR  EM  QUÍMICA  (QUÍMICA)       2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would never been possible without the help, guidance, encouragement, and belief of so many people that it’s hard not miss anyone who contributed in some way to the completion of this thesis. First I have to acknowledge my supervisors: Prof. Helena for accepting me as her PhD student on a project she had no idea of, for mentoring me always and gave me the liberty to learn from others in the conservation field, and for all the valuable lessons in Life and Mass Spectrometry, as well as in Analytical sciences in general; and to Prof Jaap Boon who I met personally in 2006 at the end of the De Mayerne Programs and who believed that I could be trusted with a project that was not far from what he had built up in the previous Molart program, for building a project that is somehow a gap in our knowledge and giving me the best advice during all these years now: “don’t try to reinvent the wheel” and “think critically”. Also for putting me in contact with world experts in conservation science all over, starting with Prof. Leslie Carlyle that was my “emeritus supervisor”, and was my supervisor at Tate Britain Conservation Science, she taught me endless details of conservation, and later when we both moved back to Lisbon, the endless hours of fruitful discussion, conferences, paper reviewing, guidance and the “focus” word, “you’ll have time for that at a Post-doc, Focus!” . While at Tate with Leslie, I had the pleasure of being able to share the Lab and critical thinking with Joyce Townsend (thank you for the samples on the Camden town artists), Stephan Hackney and Bronwyn Ormsby (thank you ever since, and the Py-GC/MS analysis) who were pretty much the high standard reference on conservation science. Also to Jacob Thomas, for my research help, my first account of PhD finishing at a close, while I was pressing Oils. But back home I had so many times the assistance and advice from my GEMAB group at FCUL, Prof. Carlos Borges (“we have a Book chapter!”), Prof. Filomena Duarte (“keep it simple”) and Prof. Teresa Fernandez, as well as the younger members that put up with me on a daily basis Pedro Vaz (FTIR doubts), now PhD Paulo Madeira ( I could never thank you enough for all that you taught me on MS, ion trap and FT-ICR, ESI or MALDI, thank you for being a friend “Daddy”) and Rita, Tiago and Tânia, the “young team” for all the help the Lab, always believing in my work, for being such good colleagues and great lunch times. While in Amsterdam I have to thank Klass Jan van der Berg, for accepting me at Netherlands Cultural Agency, and presenting me with a multidisciplinary and collaborative place aiming at building knowledge across science and art, and giving me access to the Technisches Mitteilungen fur Malerei whole archive. Also to the “basement people” Francesca Izzo (we will publish soon on Rodchenko samples), Beatriz and Alba Campo, for being such good people always with a smile. In Lisbon I was also collaborating with José de Figueiredo Conservation and Restoration Lab, this is where I fell in love with conservation science, back in 2001, and cannot leave them out of these acknowledgments because they are the reason I chose these field of work, where I developed my Masters and have always supported me: Prof. António Candeias, Engª Isabel Ribeiro, Ana Mesquita e Carmo, Lília Esteves, Zé Oliveira, Zé Carlos Frade, Sara Valadas, Milene Gil and all the good people from the conservation departments. I could not end this Thesis without my personal Friends, I’ll just say you know who you are, and a special thank you. To Sandra for the final push till the End. Aos meus Pais INDEX Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Critical Review 13 Chapter 3 Raw Materials 110 Chapter 4 Analytical Techniques 161 Chapter 5 Discussion & Conclusions 218 1 A ’ O P – RTIST S IL AINT & CONTROVERSY RESEARCH ABSTRACT This chapter reflects on the various perspectives of artist’s oil paint uses, with a focus on the research on oil. Since the empirically based formulation introduced by artist’s to the colourmen, to the science based developments in the raw materials, formulation, analysis and conservation science particularly. 1.1 INTRODUCTION There are extensive studies and general citations on the subject of oil paint studies, and vegetable oils. The most widely used siccative oil is, by far, Linseed oil (Linum usitatissimum) only to be followed by Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and walnut oils (Junglans Regia). But it is thought that by the turn of the 19th to early 20th century 1 there were changes introduced in artist’s oil paint formulation, mainly empirically, by colourmen which would affect Art works ever since. The main aspect we are here dealing with is the introduction of less siccative oils, the semi-drying or even non-drying oils, in unknown quantities, which not only prolongs the shelf life of tube oil paints but imparts new characteristics to the paint. Other possible consequences of these less drying formulations have been studied, in order to distinguish them from “normal” formulations, to understand the process of dripping paints, as a direct consequence of less drying starting materials. 1.2 A TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF OIL PAINT Historically artist’s oil Paint, as it has been used since early times, consists of a Binder, or Vehicle, and the pigment. These were ground together in a slab of Porfirus stone and collected with help of pallet knifes to be collected and stored in pig’s bladders before the introduction of paint collapsible tubes. The Pigments used are more or less described historically, ever since the first cave drawings to modern pigments, industrial and synthetic, inorganic and organic. As for the Binders less is known or at least less is agreed on unanimously, and this is why we are here reflecting on this subject. Although it did not change as much as the pigments, it changed from artist to artist and workshop to workshop manufacturer and colourmen. In a simple way, the oil binding media consisted of drying or siccative oil, named this way for the ability to form a dry film with time. 2

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MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF THE CHEMICAL DRYING OF OIL PAINTS . drawings to modern pigments, industrial and synthetic, inorganic and organic 1.6 INFLUENCE OF RESEARCH ON ARTIST'S OIL PAINTS .. Although the old masters had acquired extensive practical experience with the.
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