Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook PDF
Preview Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook
Timo Vesikari Pierre Van Damme Editors Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations A European Textbook Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations Timo Vesikari Pierre Van Damme Editors Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations A European Textbook Editors Timo Vesikari Pierre Van Damme Vaccine Research Centre Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute University of Tampere Medical School Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination Tampere University of Antwerp Finland Antwerpen Belgium Picture credit: Fomin Serhii/shutterstock ISBN 978-3-319-59950-2 ISBN 978-3-319-59952-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958750 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland V Preface A European textbook of pediatric vaccines Other vaccinology landmarks are more and vaccinations may be due and timely. geographically diverse. Polysaccharide Europe has contributed significantly to protein conjugation technology was first the development, testing, and produc- developed in the USA, but many subse- tion of many key vaccines. Europe also quent applications have taken place in has advanced childhood immunization Europe, including some Haemophilus programs that include the latest vaccines influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines, one and reach high coverage. There is no Euro- pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and pean unity on childhood immunization meningococcal C and ACWY conjugate calendars – despite abortive attempts at vaccines. “harmonization” – but the programs in most European countries have been very Many live attenuated viral vaccines have successful, showing that excellent results been American developments, starting can be achieved using more than one with the propagation of poliovirus in approach. In terms of elimination and monkey kidney cells by Enders, Weller, eradication, some European countries and Robbins in 1948 that was followed by have been the first in the world or the most the development of inactivated (Salk) and enduringly successful or both. live (Sabin) oral poliovirus vaccines (IPV, OPV). During the classical era of virology Historically, the important vaccine inven- in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s, attenu- tions were made in Europe. Edward Jen- ated vaccines were developed against mea- ner’s smallpox vaccine was based on cross sles, mumps, and rubella, leading to the protection between animal and human MMR combination vaccine. Live attenu- pathogens at a time when the virus and ated varicella vaccine was developed using indeed any concept of microbial patho- the same technology, but eventually, the genesis were still unknown. With the successful vaccine was developed in Japan. global eradication of smallpox, this may be regarded as the most successful vaccine to Although the development of poliovirus date. Louis Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885 vaccines was definitively an American was based on systematic attenuation of a success story, it should be noted that the pathogen and paved the way for many oth- major field study demonstrating the effi- ers. Diphtheria antitoxin and later vaccine cacy and safety of the Salk IPV had a sig- were based on the works of von Behring nificant European contribution (Finland). and Ehrlich in Germany. Tuberculosis vac- Moreover, the most widely used IPV today cine, bacille Calmette-Guérin or BCG, was was developed in the Netherlands by van developed in France in the 1920s and is Wezel and coworkers in 1985. Europe also still today in use in most parts of the world. played an important part in the implemen- tation of OPV. The vaccine was tested in More recently, a well-known example of the former Soviet republics of Estonia and European development is hepatitis B vac- Latvia resulting in the eradication of wild- cine (Engerix®, GSK), the first licensed type poliovirus in these countries, and this vaccine, in 1986, based on genetic engi- observation formed the basis of worldwide neering. A more recent high technology application of OPV for global eradica- example is the first vaccine against group tion. Israel was the first country globally B meningococcus (Bexsero®, Novartis), to introduce universal immunization plan licensed in 2013, and developed using against hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enteric “reverse vaccinology.” virus closely related to poliovirus. V I Preface The political system in Eastern Europe to have launched universal MenB vaccina- made it possible to apply mandatory vac- tion of infants with the aim of controlling cination, with 99% coverage of measles much of the remaining meningococcal vaccination, for example, in the former disease. German Democratic Republic, and con- sequent total elimination of measles, in The extensive trials in Sweden, Germany, contrast to the much lower uptake and and Italy have been crucial in demonstrat- less effective disease control in the former ing the efficacy of acellular pertussis vac- Federal Republic of Germany. Mandatory cines. vaccinations are, in general, not a favoured approach in Europe, but publicly available The use of pentavalent and hexavalent national medical care and immuniza- pediatric combination vaccines in public tion programs in many European coun- health immunization programs is char- tries have made it possible to reach high acteristic of Europe, in contrast to the vaccine coverage without compulsion. USA where adoption of such multiva- MMR vaccine had been implemented in lent formulations has been much slower. the USA for more than a decade when it These vaccines have greatly facilitated the was adopted using a two-dose schedule introduction of new antigens into infant in Finland and Sweden in 1982, reaching programs (e.g., hepatitis B) and control over 95% coverage, and Finland became of all diseases covered by the combina- the first country to eliminate indigenous tions by facilitating overall high levels of measles, mumps, and rubella by the early coverage of “routine” infant immuniza- 1990s. tions in Europe. Still, universal hepatitis B vaccination immunization has yet to be However, measles control is also a “dark achieved in some countries in the north area” for European vaccination programs. of Europe that use pentavalent (without While the Americas have been able to hepatitis B) combination vaccines rather eliminate measles, Europe has become a than hexavalent. reservoir and a continuing source of mea- sles virus to the Americas and elsewhere. Immunization calendars vary between Europe has been plagued by outbreaks of European countries, but the European measles in many countries, because of fail- experience largely shows that childhood ure to reach sufficient, sustained vaccine diseases covered by the combination coverage to eliminate or eradicate measles vaccines can be controlled regardless of virus. The reasons for this may vary from variation between schedules; thus, there country to country, related to a multitude is no absolute need for “harmonization.” of factors allowing sufficient numbers of Clear recommendations on the minimal nonimmune individuals to sustain viral number of vaccines and vaccine antigens transmission following introductions. needed by certain ages might be more helpful to European countries, particularly On the bacterial side, Europe has a con- those with less well-developed programs, siderable track record of achievements in than attempts to implement a harmonized vaccination programs. Finland was the schedule. Some countries use the same first country to eliminate invasive Hib 2-, 4-, and 6-month schedule as the USA, disease and also carriage in the 1990s. The while others have adopted an “accelerated” UK reacted quickly to increasing levels of schedule of 2, 3, and 4 months followed, meningococcal group C (MenC) disease in some cases and for some antigens, by and, in 1999, introduced an extensive vac- booster doses at or around 12 months of cination program with newly developed age. A 2 + 1 immunization schedule was MenC conjugate vaccines that resulted in first introduced in Italy and Scandinavia drastic reduction and sustained control of as a 3-, 5-, and 11-month calendar and is the disease. The UK is also the first country now used also elsewhere, including Israel VII Preface (2, 4, and 12 months). This shortened ers, especially where the rationale for vac- schedule is more convenient and cheaper cination is comprehensive and clear. and seems to be sufficient to control the diseases included in the hexavalent vac- Parents and the public in general actively cine provided that the immunization cov- seek information about vaccines on the erage is sufficiently high. This variation Internet. Unfortunately, much of the most between immunization schedules across prominent and accessible information flow Europe may be regarded as a richness. Sci- is alarmingly negative and critical about entifically, it confers a wealth of evidence vaccination. Against this background, it on the impact of numbers of vaccine doses is particularly important that European and flexibility of schedules. They show that students and practitioners of medicine there is no single correct way of preventing and other healthcare professionals become childhood infectious diseases by vaccina- better taught and are provided with accu- tion and that this goal can be reached in rate, accessible, and up-to-date informa- more than one way. tion about vaccines and their use. Given the diversity of cultures and opin- This book aims to provide just such essen- ions that exist in Europe, it is perhaps tial information on the current vaccines unsurprising that anti-vaccine groups have that are used in childhood immunization achieved some prominence in many coun- programs in Europe and the principles tries. In general, anti-vaccine misinforma- which underlie them. The book is written tion and “alternative truth” has not had by leading European experts on the top- much impact on the coverage of routine ics that they know best. This ensures that programs for infants. In contrast, MMR the subject matter is covered comprehen- vaccination has suffered on occasion as, for sively even though the text is compact. We example, in the late 1990s in the UK, where believe that we have been able to produce vaccine coverage was severely affected for a book that is both readable and thorough. several years leading to subsequent out- We hope the textbook will find a reader- breaks of measles in unvaccinated chil- ship not only among “vaccinologists” but dren. Overall, newer vaccines tend to be also among European and other pediatri- less well accepted than established ones, cians and practitioners who deal with vac- and this may in part be due to anti-vaccine cines and vaccinations. We also hope that group activity. Conversely, new platforms the book will be used in the curriculum for vaccination, such as during pregnancy, of future doctors, pharmacists, midwives, may be surprisingly well adopted both by and nurses for their vaccinology classes in the general public and by healthcare work- Europe and perhaps even more widely. Timo Vesikari Tampere, Finland Pierre van Damme Antwerpen, Belgium IX Contents I General Vaccinology 1 Expected and Unexpected Effects of Vaccination ................................................... 3 Federico Martinon-Torres 2 How Vaccinating People Can Also Protect Others ................................................... 13 Adam Finn 3 Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Programs in Europe .................... 19 Pierre Van Damme 4 Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Demand ............................................................ 27 Robb Butler 5 A djuvants in Pediatric Vaccines ........................................................................................... 37 Nathalie Garçon 6 M aternal Immunization ............................................................................................................ 45 Timo Vesikari and Adam Finn 7 N eonatal Immunization ............................................................................................................ 51 Ener Cagri Dinleyici II Viral Vaccines and Vaccinations 8 P oliovirus Vaccines ....................................................................................................................... 59 Tapani Hovi and Timo Vesikari 9 M easles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccine ..................................................................................... 69 Timo Vesikari and Vytautas Usonis 10 V aricella Vaccines .......................................................................................................................... 79 Vana Spoulou, Johannes Liese, and Timo Vesikari 11 R otavirus Vaccine .......................................................................................................................... 87 Timo Vesikari 12 H epatitis A Vaccines .................................................................................................................... 99 Pierre Van Damme 13 H epatitis B Vaccines..................................................................................................................... 109 Pierre Van Damme 14 I nfluenza Vaccines ........................................................................................................................ 117 Timo Vesikari and Susanna Esposito X Contents 15 H uman Papillomavirus Vaccines ......................................................................................... 127 Paolo Bonanni 16 T ick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines ....................................................................................... 137 Herwig Kollaritsch and Ulrich Heininger III Bacterial Vaccines and Vaccination 17 T uberculosis Vaccines ................................................................................................................. 149 Federico Martinon-Torres and Carlos Martin 18 P ertussis Vaccines ......................................................................................................................... 161 Ulrich Heininger 19 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccines ........................................................... 171 Mary P.E. Slack 20 P ediatric Combination Vaccines .......................................................................................... 183 Federico Martinón-Torres 21 P neumococcal Vaccines ............................................................................................................ 197 Ron Dagan and Shalom Ben-Shimol 22 M eningococcal Vaccines ........................................................................................................... 215 Andrew J. Pollard, Matthew D. Snape, and Manish Sadarangani 23 Pediatric Vaccines for Travel Outside Europe ............................................................. 225 R.H. Behrens and N. Prevatt IV New Vaccines in Pipeline Development 24 New Vaccines in Pipeline Development ......................................................................... 241 Paul T. Heath, Christine E. Jones, and Kirsty Le Doare 25 N orovirus Vaccine ......................................................................................................................... 247 Timo Vesikari 26 Registration of Vaccines, Safety Follow-Up, and Pediatric Investigation Plan ......................................................................................................................... 251 Carlo Giaquinto and Francesca Rocchi Supplementary Information I ndex ........................................................................................................................................................ 261 XI Contributors R.H. Behrens Nathalie Garçon, PharmD, PhD London School of Hygiene Bioaster, Lyon, France and Tropical Medicine [email protected] London, UK [email protected] Carlo Giaquinto Department of Women and Child Health Shalom Ben-Shimol University of Padova Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion Padua, Italy University of the Negev [email protected] Beer-Sheva, Israel [email protected] Paul T. Heath Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Paolo Bonanni Group & Vaccine Institute Department of Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London University of Florence London, UK Florence, Italy [email protected] [email protected] Ulrich Heininger Robb Butler Pediatric Infectious Diseases WHO Regional Office for Europe and Vaccinology University of Copenhagen, Denmark Basel Children’s Hospital [email protected] Basel, Switzerland [email protected] Ron Dagan Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion Tapani Hovi University of the Negev National Institute for Health and Welfaret Beer-Sheva, Israel Helsinki, Finland [email protected] [email protected] Ener Cagri Dinleyici Chrissie E. Jones Eskisehir Osmangazi Faculty of Medicine and University Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences Department of Pediatrics TR-26480 University of Southampton and Eskisehir, Turkey University Hospital Southampton NHS [email protected] Foundation Trust Southampton, UK Susanna Esposito [email protected] Pediatric Clinic, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy Herwig Kollaritsch [email protected] Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna Adam Finn Vienna, Austria UHB Education Centre [email protected] Bristol Children’s Vaccine Center Bristol, UK [email protected], [email protected]
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