Table Of Content

Pediatric Thoracic Surgery Mario Lima Editor 123 Pediatric Thoracic Surgery Mario Lima Editor Pediatric Thoracic Surgery Presentazione di Lisa Licitra, Patrizia Olmi 123 Editor Mario Lima Pediatric Surgery Roberto Pozzi Mucelli University of Bologna Department of Radiology Bologna, Italy G.B. Rossi University Hospital Verona, Italy ISBN 978-88-470-5201-7 ISBN 978-88-470-5202-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-5202-4 Springer Milan Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012955312 © Springer-Verlag Italia2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cover design: Ikona S.r.l., Milan, Italy Typesetting: Graphostudio, Milan, Italy Printing and binding: Esperia S.r.l., Lavis (TN), Italy Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l. – Via Decembrio 28 – I-20137 Milan Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Pediatric thoracic surgery is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice; moreover, recent anesthetic and technological achievements have made it safer and more reliable. This awareness brought about the idea to organize a conference assess- ing the state of the art of this discipline, and in November 2010 the “Sym- posium on Pediatric Thoracic Surgery” took place in Bologna. This event involved some of the most expert thoracic pediatric surgeons. The idea to write this monograph was the outcome of this fruitful expe- rience; our wish was to create a starting point for future studies, research and technical developments, with the aim of offering both young and experi- enced pediatric surgeons a comprehensive textbook and an updated review on this rapidly changing field. We hope that the result will achieve such high goals. The text is divided into 37 chapters, grouped in 9 parts. Thoracic pathologies (congenital or acquired) are discussed in a comprehensive and systematic way; the surgical techniques are described in detail, including mini-invasive procedures, which are gaining importance, mostly in the thoracic field. I take the occasion to thank all my colleagues, who contribute to im- prove the quality of care and innovative surgical techniques with their daily work. Special thanks go to Giovanni Ruggeri for the constant and precious help he always offers me during our daily clinical practice. Giovanni co- wrote many chapters and well coordinated the work of many authoritative foreign colleagues. When one finishes writing a book, there is always a bit of regret and fear of not having said everything, especially when describing innovative techniques. In conclusion, I would like to recall a quote from Marcel Proust: “The real voyage of discovery does not consist of finding new landscapes, but of having new eyes”. Bologna, December 2012 Mario Lima v Contents Part I General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 01 Anatomy of the Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Giovanni Ruggeri, Francesco Fascetti-Leon, Giulio Gregori and Mario Lima 02 Prenatal Diagnosis of Thoracic Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Gianluigi Pilu 03 Imaging of the Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Michelangelo Baldazzi, Filomena Carfagnini and Giovanni Tani 04 Anaesthesia for Thoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Giulia Bottazzi, Andrea Gentili, Maria Elena Latrofa and Simonetta Baroncini 05 Operative Approaches to the Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Steven S. Rothenberg 06 Thoracoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Steven S. Rothenberg Part II Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 07 Diagnostic Techniques in the Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Barbara Bizzarri, Alessia Ghiselli, Alessandro Fugazza and Gian Luigi de’ Angelis 08 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula . . . . . 93 Steven W. Bruch, Arnold G. Coran and Shaun M. Kunisaki 09 Esophageal Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Steven W. Bruch, Arnold G. Coran and Shaun M. Kunisaki 10 Esophageal Strictures and Stenoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Shaun M. Kunisaki, Steven W. Bruch and Arnold G. Coran vii viii Contents 11 Esophageal Perforation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Shaun M. Kunisaki, Steven W. Bruch and Arnold G. Coran 12 Esophageal Replacements in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Olivier Reinberg 13 Gastroesophageal Reflux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Juan A. Tovar 14 Esophageal Achalasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Marcello Carlucci, Girolamo Mattioli and Vincenzo Jasonni Part III Larynx and Trachea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 15 Airway Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Francesca Masciopinto, Andrea Gentili, Amedeo Bianchini and Simonetta Baroncini 16 Laryngeal Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Michele Torre, Marcello Carlucci and Vincenzo Jasonni 17 Tracheal Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Michele Torre, Marcello Carlucci and Vincenzo Jasonni 18 Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Carlo Pace Napoleone and Gaetano Domenico Gargiulo Part IV Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 19 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Francesco Molinaro, Rossella Angotti, Francesco Ferrara, Francesca Borruto, Mario Messina and François Becmeur 20 Diaphragmatic Eventration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Francesco Molinaro, Anna Lavinia Bulotta, Elisa Cerchia, Francesca Borruto, Mario Messina and François Becmeur Part V Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 21 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformations . . . . . . . . 241 Juan A. Tovar 22 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Juan A. Tovar Contents ix 23 Congenital Lobar Emphysema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Giovanni Ruggeri, Michela Maffi, Francesca Destro and Mario Lima 24 Foregut Duplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Giovanni Ruggeri, Francesca Destro, Giulio Gregori and Mario Lima 25 Pneumothorax and Pneumomedistinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Marcello Dòmini and Mario Lima Part VI Chest Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 26 Malformations of the Chest Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Michele Torre, Giovanni Rapuzzi, Patricio Varela and Vincenzo Jasonni 27 Breast Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Maria V. Romanini, Simonetta Franchelli, Pierluigi Santi and Vincenzo Jasonni Part VII Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 28 Thoracic Empyema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Francesco Molinaro and François Becmeur 29 Lung Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Giovanni Ruggeri, Michela Maffi, Tommaso Gargano and Mario Lima 30 Pediatric Bronchiectasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Giovanni Ruggeri, Dalia Gobbi, Michele Libri and Mario Lima 31 Mediastinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Giovanni Ruggeri, Giulio Gregori, Beatrice Randi and Mario Lima 32 Chylothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Olivier Reinberg Part VIII Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 33 Thoracic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Marcello Dòmini, Veronica Carlini and Mario Lima x Contents Part IX Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 34 Anterior Mediastinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Riccardo Masetti, Tamara Belotti, Luca Bertelli, Daniele Zama and Andrea Pession 35 Posterior Mediastinal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Philip J. Hammond and Robert Carachi 36 Lung Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Riccardo Masetti, Luca Bertelli, Daniele Zama, Tamara Belotti and Andrea Pession 37 Tumors of the Chest Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Riccardo Masetti, Daniele Zama, Luca Bertelli, Tamara Belotti and Andrea Pession Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4439 Contributors Rossella AngottiClinical Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy Michelangelo BaldazziPediatric Radiology, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Simonetta BaronciniDepartment of Pediatrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy François Becmeur Pediatric Surgery, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Tamara BelottiPediatric Oncology and Hematology, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Luca BertelliPediatric Oncology and Hematology, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Amedeo Bianchini Department of Pediatrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Barbara BizzarriDepartment of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Endoscopic Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Francesca BorrutoPediatric Surgery, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Giulia BottazziDepartment of Pediatrics, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Steven W. BruchCS Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Anna Lavinia BulottaClinical Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy xi