Table Of Content

Pediatric Surgical Oncology Pediatric Surgical Oncology Edited by Sabine Sarnacki, MD PhD Chief of Pediatric Surgery Paul D. Losty, MD FRCSI FRCS(Ed) Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Paed) FEBPS University of Paris, France Professor of Paediatric Surgery & Honorary Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Jörg Fuchs, MD PhD Institute of Life Course and Medical Professor of Pediatric Surgery Sciences University of Tuebingen, Germany University of Liverpool, UK Tomoaki Taguchi, MD PhD Michael La Quaglia, MD FACS FRCS(Ed) Professor of Pediatric Surgery Hon FRCS(Eng) Hon Kyushu University Professor of Surgery Fukuoka, Japan Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, USA BK-TandF-LOSTY_9780815348702-210307-FM.indd 3 30/12/21 4:45 PM First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Contents Foreword vii CHAPTER 15: Mediastinum, Lung, and Chest Wall Editors’ Preface viii Tumors ...........................................................................97 Contributor List ix Andrew J. Murphy, Lindsay Talbot, and Andrew M. Davidoff CHAPTER 1: Pediatric Cancer – An Overview ................1 Akira Nakagawara CHAPTER 16: Hodgkin Disease and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma(s) ................................................................113 CHAPTER 2: Epidemiology of Pediatric Cancer .............3 Peter Ehrlich Charles Stiller CHAPTER 17: Benign and Malignant Liver Tumors in Children ....................................................................124 CHAPTER 3: Molecular Biology and Genetics of Cancer ........................................................................10 Daniel C. Aronson and Rebecka L. Meyers Tatsuro Tajiri and Mayumi Higashi CHAPTER 18: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tumors .........148 Jaime Shalkow, Ryo Tamura, Hany Gabra, and CHAPTER 4: Principles of Chemotherapy ....................14 Paul D. Losty Sunita Dhir and Deborah A. Tweddle CHAPTER 19: Pancreatic Neoplasms ..........................157 CHAPTER 5: Principles of Radiotherapy ......................18 Pablo Laje and N. Scott Adzick Sarah Kelly and Mark Gaze CHAPTER 20: Renal Tumors .........................................165 CHAPTER 6: Immunological Aspects of Pediatric Jörg Fuchs and Steven W. Warmann Cancer and Immunotherapy .........................................23 Jeong A. Park and Nai-Kong V. Cheung CHAPTER 21: Neuroblastoma and Adrenal Neoplasms ...................................................................180 CHAPTER 7: Imaging Cancer .......................................29 Andrew M. Davidoff, Jed Nuchtern, Srikishna Harave and Swathi Selvam and Mike La Quaglia CHAPTER 8: Tumor Biopsy – Practical CHAPTER 22: Rhabdomyosarcoma .............................207 Considerations for the Surgeon ....................................41 Lilly Bayouth, Roshni Dasgupta, and Hemanshoo Thakkar, Dhanya Mullassery, David Rodeberg and Paul D. Losty CHAPTER 23: Non-Rhabmyosarcoma Soft Tissue CHAPTER 9: Pathology for Surgeons ...........................47 Tumors .........................................................................216 Rajeev Shukla and Srinivas Annavarapu Irene Isabel P. Lim, David Rodeberg, and Roshni Dasgupta CHAPTER 10: Vascular Access ......................................53 Elizabeth O’Connor and Hany Gabra CHAPTER 24: Tumors of the Ovary ..............................225 Carmen Capito, Louise Galmiche-Roland, Brice CHAPTER 11: Nutritional Support of the Pediatric Fresneau, Daniel Orbach, and Sabine Sarnacki Cancer Patient ..............................................................61 Vicky Wong, Edwin Chan, and Kelvin Liu CHAPTER 25: Testicular Tumors ..................................240 Yoshiaki Kinoshita and Tomoaki Taguchi CHAPTER 12: Tumor Board and the Surgeon ................73 Sarah Braungart and Paul D. Losty CHAPTER 26: Teratomas and Other Germ Cell Neoplasms ..................................................................243 CHAPTER 13: Principles of Cancer Surgery/ Katherine Burnand, Dhanya Mullassery, Operations for Cancer ..................................................79 and Paul D. Losty Hind Zaidan and Martin Corbally CHAPTER 27: Melanoma and Skin Cancer(s) ..............256 CHAPTER 14: Tumors of the Head and Neck ................91 Andrea Hayes Jordan, Gideon Sandler, and Naonori Kawakubo and Tomoaki Taguchi Jennifer H. Aldrink v vI Contents CHAPTER 28: Central Nervous System Tumors ..........272 CHAPTER 37: Palliative Care and Pain Conor Gillespie and Benedetta Pettorini Management ...............................................................401 Alessandro Inserra and Alessandro Crocoli CHAPTER 29: Bone Tumors .........................................313 Lor Randall and John Groundland CHAPTER 38: Palliative Care: Surgical Considerations ............................................................405 CHAPTER 30: Rare Tumors ..........................................329 Alessandro Inserra and Alessandro Crocoli Hany Gabra, Ryo Tamura, and Jaime Shalkow CHAPTER 39: Future Therapies and Challenges in CHAPTER 31: Minimally Invasive Surgery ....................347 Pediatric Oncology .....................................................409 Jörg Fuchs and Steve W. Warmann Tatsuo Kuroda CHAPTER 32: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ......353 CHAPTER 40: Evidence-Based Pediatric Surgical Sami Ramadan and Adel Fattah Oncology ......................................................................414 Ampaipan Boonthai and Paul D. Losty CHAPTER 33: Fertility Considerations and the Pediatric Cancer Patient .............................................361 CHAPTER 41: Pediatric Endocrine Tumors ..................419 Carmen Capito, Camelia Labiad, Sylvie Helfre, Carmen Capito, Pablo Lopez, Michel Polak, Stephanie Bolle, Michaël Grynberg, and Laurence Brugières, Louise Galmiche-Roland, and Sabine Sarnacki Sabine Sarnacki CHAPTER 34: Pediatric Surgical Oncology in CHAPTER 42: Robotic Pediatric Surgical Oncology ....433 Developing Countries..................................................367 Thomas Blanc and Sabine Sarnacki Jaime Shalkow and Simone Abib CHAPTER 43: Navigational Techniques in Pediatric CHAPTER 35: Surgical Management of Pediatric Surgical Oncology.......................................................439 Oncological Emergencies ...........................................382 Ryota Souzaki and Tomoaki Taguchi Simone Abib and Jaime Shalkow Index 446 CHAPTER 36: Late Effects ............................................392 Antti I. Koivusalo and Kirsi Jahnukainen Foreword Pediatric surgical oncology is a fascinating super- how to best avoid complications, making the textbook specialty, and this new textbook provides the health very precious. care professional with a wealth of excellent informa- A new textbook like this one was definitely much tion to deliver the best surgical care for children with needed for its intended global readership because it cancer. Pediatric oncology surgeons are key members gathers many important key updates in pediatric surgi- of a multidisciplinary team that input care for vulner- cal oncology along with other equally essential funda- able sick children. Surgical oncologists perform com- mental principles from other health care professionals plex procedures and are skilled to make very difficult working in the multidisciplinary team, notably medical decisions. Surgeons must have a strong knowledge pediatric oncology, radiation oncology, pathology, nutri- base about pediatric cancer. The Editors of Pediatric tion, palliative care, and genetics. There is also a “look Surgical Oncology are world-renowned experts and to the future” with innovations in surgery and almost considered amongst the very best skilled surgeons in every other aspect of childhood cancer treatment. their field. Their wisdom and experience gathered over I am sure you the reader seeking greater knowl- many years working in the clinic and operating room edge in pediatric, surgical oncology, will be delighted have had a great impact on education and surgical to explore the new textbook just as I was. In closing, oncology training. I have also had the great privilege I would once again like to congratulate the editorial of sharing friendship with these surgeons. The edi- board and the guest authors for the excellent work they tors, Paul Losty (Liverpool, UK), Michael La Quaglia have delivered in the textbook. I also wish to thank (New York, USA), Sabine Sarnacki (Paris, France), Jörg the Taylor & Francis Group for embracing such an Fuchs (Tuebingen, Germany), and Tomoaki Taguchi important project. It will surely benefit many children (Fukuoka, Japan), have carefully assembled interna- throughout the world. tional authorities to share their vast experience in this wonderful textbook. Along with teaching the theoreti- cal basics of each type of pediatric tumor encountered Professor Dr. Simone de Campos Vieira Abib, MD PhD in clinical practice with accompanying details of surgi- Past President International Society of Pediatric Surgical cal technique(s), the guest authors bring together “tips” Oncology (IPSO) in various ways and alerts for the oncology surgeon on São Paolo, Brazil vii Editors’ Preface Pediatric Surgical Oncology is a new leading textbook outlining the principles and practice of managing children with cancer. The textbook is subdivided into early section chapters covering pediatric cancer epidemiology, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, pathology, radiology, and vascular access, which then covers main theme areas featuring all of the major pediatric solid tumors in a system-based chronology. A section devoted to rare tumors provides useful and pragmatic information for the oncology surgeon. Minimally inva- Jörg Fuchs sive surgery with recent advances in this speciality field Tuebingen, Germany is highlighted by world experts. Nutritional considerations for the pediatric cancer patient undergoing surgery are discussed. Management Paul D. Losty of surgical complications, fertility considerations, and Liverpool, UK long-term outcomes are invaluable practical resources for the reader. Final sections of the textbook “look to the future” and focus on innovation(s) here including key chapters on navigational surgery and surgical robotics. A chapter devoted to evidence-based surgical oncol- Tomoaki Taguchi ogy seeks to provide the surgeon with the latest “hot” Fukuoka, Japan topics and debate(s) to guide future studies. We sincerely hope Pediatric Surgical Oncology will be an authorita- tive reference for surgical residents in training, surgeons Michael La Quaglia working in pediatric oncology, medical oncology col- New York, USA leagues, intensive care specialists, and nursing staff. The Editorial Board is greatly indebted to the many guest authors and leading world experts for their excellent individual contribution works. Special thanks must go to Samantha Cook of the Taylor & Francis Group who worked tirelessly with the Editor-In-Chief, Paul Losty. Enormous gratitude is ultimately owed to Miranda Bromage at Taylor & Francis for her tremendous unfailing support with the project at Sabine Sarnacki all times and the final production of the textbook. Paris, France viii Contributor List Simone Abib Ampaipan Boonthai Head, Department of Pediatric Surgery Visiting International Clinical Fellow Pediatric Oncology Institute – GRAACC Alder Hey Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Full Professor of Surgery University of Liverpool Federal University Liverpool, UK São Paulo, Brazil Consultant Pediatric & Transplant Surgeon Ramathibodi Hospital N. Scott Adzick Mahidol University C. Everett Koop Professor of Pediatric Surgery Bangkok, Thailand Surgeon-In-Chief Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Sarah Braungart Perelman School of Medicine Specialty Registrar in Paediatric Surgery University of Pennsylvania, USA Department of Paediatric Surgery Alder Hey Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Jennifer H. Aldrink University of Liverpool Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery and Pediatrics Liverpool, UK The Ohio State University College of Medicine Division of Pediatric Surgery Laurence Brugières Director of Surgical Oncology Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents Columbus, Ohio Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif, France Srinivas Annavarapu Department of Paediatric Pathology Katherine Burnand Great North Children’s Hospital Consultant Paediatric Surgeon University of Newcastle, UK St George’s Hospital London, UK Daniel C. Aronson Department of Paediatric Surgery Carmen Capito University Children’s Hospital Zürich Department of Pediatric Surgery Zurich, Switzerland Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital - Université Paris Descartes Lilly Bayouth Sorbonne Paris Cite Department of Surgery Paris, France Vidant Medical Center East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine Edwin Chan Greenville, North Carolina Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Department of Surgery Thomas Blanc Hong Kong Children’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology Chinese University of Hong Kong Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades Hong Kong Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris, France Nai-Kong V. Cheung Department of Pediatrics Stephanie Bolle Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Department of Radiotherapy New York City, New York Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Villejuif, France ix BK-TandF-LOSTY_9780815348702-210307-FM.indd 9 30/12/21 4:45 PM