Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration PDF
Preview Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration
Keira P. Mason Editor Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room A Multispecialty International Collaboration Third Edition 123 Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room Keira P. Mason Editor Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room A Multispecialty International Collaboration Third Edition Editor Keira P. Mason Department of Anaesthesia Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA ISBN 978-3-030-58405-4 ISBN 978-3-030-58406-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58406-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is primarily dedicated to my mother and father, whose sacrifice, love, and encouragement enabled me to pursue my goals and dreams. Leading by example, they showed me to persevere, remain positive, optimistic, and always strive to achieve my personal best. Thank you, God, for blessing me with the gift of my two sons, Tyler and Colin. I will continue to strive to guide, nurture, be a role model for and provide for them, as my parents did for me. Preface I am honored and thrilled to present within the relatively short span of only 5 years, this updated and expanded 3rd edition. All 47 book chapters were received within 6 months of book publication – presenting the reader with a completely up-to-date book! The most recent chapters were updated in December, 2020! Every chapter in this book has been updated and there are 12 brand new chapters. All authors are pioneers and world leaders in their areas of expertise, both in the United States and abroad, not only in the field of sedation but also in the areas of law, ethics, child psychology, child development, pediatrics, neonatology, simulation, drug development, patient safety, emergency medicine, intensive (pediatric and neonatal) care medicine, anesthesia, dental anesthesia, dental medicine, psychiatry, neurology, behavioral medicine, and pharmacology. This book is a testimony to the passion and commitment of all the contributing authors to advance the knowledge and practice of pediatric sedation. Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration is intended to represent and be applicable to sedation providers of any specialty from around the world. Our international contributors represent Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. I am very appreciative of their efforts and I extend a sincere “thank you” to each author. There are 12 new chapters in this book, exploring current, evolving, and anticipated relevant topics in sedation. Even the updated chapters, for example, Improving the Safety of Pediatric Sedation: Human Error, Technology, and Clinical Microsystems, is so up-to-date to include not only issues facing the Boeing MAX but also a detailed description of the June 2018 cave res- cue in Thailand of the 12 young boys and their coach that were extracted in a water rescue requiring sedation. This chapter is unique in that Dr. Richard Harris, the anesthesiologist from Australia who was on-site and directly involved in orchestrating, directing, and administering the sedation and performing the cave rescue, is one of the authors of this chapter! Additional exciting new chapters that address pertinent new issues include Considerations for the Intersection of Sedation and Marijuana; Behavioral Techniques for Anxiolysis and Sedation; The Autistic Spectrum: Clinical Aspects and Approaches to Sedation; Sedation for End of Life: A Holistic Approach; Fasting Status, Aspiration Risk, and Sedation Outcomes; Neuromonitoring and Sedation; Is There a Role?; Sedation of the Obese Child: Essential Considerations; Adverse Events: Risk Factors, Predictors and Outcomes; and Sedation Strategies and Techniques for Painful Dental Procedures. This book is a unique and authoritative contribution to the field of pediatric sedation. It is directed to all specialties and specifically acknowledges and reviews the contributions and viewpoints of a broad range of international societies and specialists. Sedation has evolved to include all specialties. Although each chapter is written by an expert and world-renowned specialist(s) in his/her particular area, it is intended to be of value to those who do not neces- sarily practice in that area. For example, the pediatrician in the United States will learn some- thing in the Pediatric Sedation in South America chapter that can be applied or considered for his or her own practice. Chapters specifically written by clinicians and scientists in Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand, explore sedation practice in these countries and continents. vii viii Preface The chapters that are clinically oriented conclude with Case Studies, which present chal- lenging clinical scenarios. This is a unique finale as it is the author’s presentation of real-life cases. The intent of these Case Studies is to guide the reader through the challenges, thought processes, and management options for each situation. Certainly, there are many possible solu- tions to each scenario. Exploring them through the eyes of the experienced author offers a unique and valuable perspective. This book may be read cover to cover or read a chapter at a time, out of succession. There is intentional, albeit minimal, repetition in the book. The repetition is intended not only to solidify important information for the reader, but also to convey relevant information for those who may not be reading the book cover to cover. Even the “repetition” is presented in a differ- ent style by the individual authors, in most cases masking the repeated elements. The final form of this book went to the publisher in January, 2021. Every chapter was updated in even those final weeks with any recently published papers. This book represents a global collaboration. Currently, the field of sedation is being chal- lenged by politics, differing viewpoints and our inability to reach a consensus. Our ability to come together, outside of this book, will be essential to the future of our pediatric patients who receive sedation. There will continue to be new clinical and research studies that advance our knowledge of sedation. New sedatives, physiological monitors, and sedation delivery systems will certainly be introduced over the next decade. Regardless, the approach to sedation and the information conveyed in these chapters is intended to distinguish this book as a timeless relic that marks an important era in the field of sedation. Boston, MA, USA Keira P. Mason January 11, 2021 Acknowledgments The most important and heartfelt acknowledgment is to my family. Thank you to my two sons, Colin and Tyler, for accepting some “motherless” weekends and evenings throughout my career, as I traveled and shared my passion for and knowledge of sedation with colleagues worldwide. You have, albeit unknow- ingly, indirectly supported me not only for this book but also throughout my career: Understanding that sharing sedation experience with others to advance the practice, safety, and knowledge of sedation is my passion and has taken me away from home, even missing on occasion some of your important events. Thank you, Tyler, for sitting beside me in the early morning and late-night hours to read over my shoulder, encouraging and helping me edit and revise chapters. Thank you, Colin, for your efforts in helping me organize the book and come up with new ideas for book chapters. I am so proud of you both and honored to be your mother. I would like to express my respect, gratitude, and appreciation to Gregory Sutorius, Senior Editor for Clinical Medicine, and Lorraine Coffey, Developmental Editor, at Springer. Thank you both for agreeing to the short deadline from incep- tion of the third edition, to receiving the chapters, editing them, formatting the ix x Acknowledgments book, and presenting it published in 6 short months! Your gentle prodding, atten- tion to detail, kindness, expertise, and professionalism has inspired me to meet all deadlines. Most importantly, you both were committed to this project committed to supporting all efforts to produce Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room as a contribution to the field. My final acknowledgment is to Ms. Kimberly Manning. From the inception of the 3rd edition of this book to the final moments of its galley proof approval, you devoted even the after-h ours ensuring that all references, figures, tables, and source information were accurate, the grammar and typos corrected, the copyrights were obtained, and that everything from the table of contents to the final chapter flowed appropriately. You caught mistakes that would have gone unnoticed. I have esteem for your commitment to this edition: your organiza- tion, encouragement, tireless enthusiasm, and sleuthing skills to uncover important contributions to this book were invaluable. I will always be appreciative. Contents Part I Pediatric Sedation Outside the Operating Room 1 The History of Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Robert S. Holzman 2 Sedation Policies, Recommendations, and Guidelines Across the Specialties and Continents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Joseph P. Cravero 3 Procedural Sedation: Let’s Review the Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Vincent W. Chiang and M. Saif Siddiqui 4 Pre-sedation Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Timothy Horeczko and Mohamed Mahmoud 5 Sedation Scales and Discharge Criteria: How Do They Differ? Which One to Choose? Do They Really Apply to Sedation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Dean B. Andropoulos 6 Physiological Monitoring for Procedural Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Cyril Sahyoun and Baruch S. Krauss 7 Neuromonitoring and Sedation; Is There a Role? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Neena Seth 8 The Pediatric Airway: Anatomy, Challenges, and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Lynne R. Ferrari 9 Pediatric Physiology: How Does It Differ from Adults? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Dean B. Andropoulos 10 Capnography: The Science, Logistics, Applications, and Limitations for Procedural Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Bhavani Shankar Kodali 11 Clinical Pharmacology of Sedatives, Reversal Agents, and Adjuncts . . . . . . . . . .171 Randy P. Prescilla 12 The Pharmacology, Physiology and Clinical Application in Dentistry of Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Dimitris Emmanouil 13 Sedation of the Obese Child: Essential Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Tom G. Hansen and Thomas Engelhardt 14 Sedation; Is it Sleep, Is it Amnesia, What’s the Difference? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Robert A. Veselis and Vittoria Arslan-Carlon xi
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