Pediatric Rehabilitation

638 Pages·2015·11.05 MB·English

FiFth
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Pediatric
Michael A. Alexander
Rehabilitation
P Dennis J. Matthews
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Principles and Practice d
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Fifth Edition a
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Editors: Michael A. Alexander, MD • Dennis J. Matthews, MD r
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Widely acknowledged as the cornerstone reference in the field, Pediatric Rehabilitation brings together
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renowned specialists from all sectors of the pediatric rehabilitation community to provide the most current
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and comprehensive information available.
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The fifth edition has been substantially updated and expanded with evidence-based discussions of new a
theories, therapies, interventions, research findings, and controversies. Five completely new chapters b
focus on such emerging areas as the use of ultrasound to guide motor point and nerve injections, i
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rehabilitation of chronic pain and conversion disorders, management of concussions, sports injuries, and
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neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases in children. This edition also addresses important new t
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directions in genetic markers and tests, cognitive, developmental, and neuropsychological assessment,
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and rehabilitation for common genetic conditions. Additionally, several new contributors provide fresh
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perspectives to the voices of established leaders in the field. o
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The text covers all aspects of pediatric rehabilitation medicine from basic examination and testing to
electrodiagnosis, therapeutic exercise, orthotics and assistive devices, gait labs, aging with pediatric
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onset disability, and in-depth clinical management of the full range of childhood disabilities and injuries.
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“Pearls and Perils” featured throughout the book underscore crucial information, and illustrations, n
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summary tables, information boxes, and lists contribute to the text’s abundant clinical utility. ip
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s

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New to the Fifth Edition: n
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n E very chapter has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect current r
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thinking and practice c
t Pediatric
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n E vidence-based discussions of new theories, therapies, interventions, research ce
findings, and areas of controversy
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n F ive entirely new chapters illuminating emerging areas: rehabilitation of chronic l
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pain and conversion disorders, ultrasound-guided injections, concussion x Rehabilitation
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management, sports injuries, and neurodegenerative and demyelinating n
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diseases in children e
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• Principles and Practice

About the Editors: M
Michael A. Alexander, MD, Professor, Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at a
t Fifth Edition
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Emeritus Medical Staff, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE t
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Dennis J. Matthews, MD, Fischahs Chair, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine; Professor and Chair, Department of Physical e
Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO w
s
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
www.demosmedical.com 9 781620 700617
Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Principles and Practice
Fifth Edition
EDITORS
Michael A. Alexander,
MD
Professor, Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Emeritus Medical Staff
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware
Dennis J. Matthews,
MD
Fischahs Chair
Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine;
Professor and Chair
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Kevin P. Murphy,
MD
Medical Director
Sanford Health Systems
Pediatric Rehabilitation
Bismarck, North Dakota;
Medical Director
Northern Minnesota Clinics
Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare
Duluth, Minnesota NEW YORK
Visit our website at www.demosmedical.com
ISBN: 9781620700617
e-book ISBN: 9781617052255
Acquisitions Editor: Beth Barry
Compositor: Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.
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Medicine is an ever-changing science. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in
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every effort to ensure that all information in this book is in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of pro-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pediatric rehabilitation (Molnar)
Pediatric rehabilitation : principles and practice / [edited by] Michael A. Alexander, Dennis J. Matthews ; associate
editor, Kevin P. Murphy.—Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-62070-061-7 (alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-61705-225-5 (e-book)
I. Alexander, Michael A. (Michael Allen), 1947- , editor. II. Matthews, Dennis J., editor. III. Murphy, Kevin P.,
1956- , editor. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Disabled Children—rehabilitation. WS 368]
RJ138
617'.03—dc23
2014048188
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14 15 16 17 / 5 4 3 2 1
DEDICATION
To Dr Gabriella Molnar, who passed away since the last California, where she created a new Department of
edition. She has left a void that will not be fi lled. She is Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, she fi nished training
a recognized founder of our fi eld of pediatric rehabili- her last of over 50 domestic and international fellows.
tation medicine. Dr Molnar created our fi rst textbook, Her speaking career has included invitations from all
edited the subsequent two editions, and wrote numer- over the world, including Australia, Europe, Asia, and
ous state-of-the-art reviews for the Child with Physical England. She has served on the editorial boards for the
Disability. After escaping from Hungary in 1956 from the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 1976
Russian occupation and communist regime, Dr Molnar to 1994 and Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
displayed much foresight and courage throughout her from 1992 to 1997. She is a recipient of the Krusen Award
professional career. Her guiding principle has always from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and
been that children are not miniature adults, but individ- Rehabilitation (AAPMR), the highest honor obtainable
uals with changing physical, intellectual, and emotional for proven performance in clinical expertise, contribu-
abilities and needs. At every age, therefore, the principles tions to the literature, and administration in the fi eld
of rehabilitation medicine have to be adapted to these of rehabilitation medicine. Simply stated, Dr Molnar
changing aptitudes. Beginning as a resident at Albert defi nes the standard for the rest of us to follow. Her hus-
Einstein College of Medicine, Dr Molnar quickly rose band’s generous contribution to the PMR Foundation
through the ranks from faculty instructor to full tenured created an award for lifetime achievement in pediatric
professor, while developing and running the Pediatric rehabilitation and funds research stipends to increase the
Rehabilitation Medicine Service. Concluding her career body of knowledge in pediatric rehabilitation. Her life is
at Children’s Hospital and Research Center in Oakland, an inspiration to all of us.

CONTENTS
Contributors vii
Preface xiii
Share Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice, Fifth Edition
CHAPTER 1 History and Examination 1
Maureen R. Nelson, Michael A. Alexander, and Gabriella E. Molnar
CHAPTER 2 Medical Care of Children With Disabilities 12
Susan D. Apkon and Emily Myers
CHAPTER 3 Psychological Assessment in Pediatric Rehabilitation 23
Jamie L. Spohn and Jane A. Crowley
CHAPTER 4 Language Development and Disorders of Communication and Oral Motor Function 53
Lynn Driver, Rita Ayyangar, and Marie Van Tubbergen
CHAPTER 5 Quantitative Assessment of Gait: A Systematic Approach 78
James J. Carollo and Dennis J. Matthews
CHAPTER 6 Electrodiagnosis in Pediatrics 113
Craig M. McDonald
CHAPTER 7 Guidance Techniques for Botulinum Toxins and Other Injections 153
Katharine E. Alter and Kevin P. Murphy
CHAPTER 8 Orthotics and Assistive Devices 170
Elizabeth L. Koczur, Carrie E. Strine, Denise Peischl, Richard Lytton, Tariq Rahman,
and Michael A. Alexander
CHAPTER 9 Adaptive Sports and Recreation 196
Michelle Miller and Ellen S. Kaitz
CHAPTER 10 Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Conditions 217
Kevin P. Murphy, Colleen A. Wunderlich, Elaine L. Pico, Sherilyn Whateley Driscoll,
Elizabeth Moberg Wolff, Melanie Rak, and Maureen R. Nelson
CHAPTER 11 Acute Management and Rehabilitation of Sport-Specifi c Musculoskeletal Injuries 284
Aaron M. Karlin and Kevin P. Murphy
CHAPTER 12 Concussion Management and Rehabilitation 298
Nicole Marcantuono and Jamie L. Spohn
CHAPTER 13 Pediatric Limb Defi ciencies 307
Ann Modrcin, Matthew McLaughlin, and Matthew Luetke
CHAPTER 14 Cerebral Palsy 336
Mary McMahon, David Pruitt, and Jilda Vargus-Adams
CHAPTER 15 Spina Bifi da 373
Elaine L. Pico, Pamela E. Wilson, Kathryn Smith, Jeffrey Thomson, Jeffrey Young, Daria Ettinger,
Gerald H. Clayton, and Kerstin Sobus
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16 Spinal Cord Injuries 412
Joseph E. Hornyak IV, Michael W. Wheaton, and Virginia S. Nelson
CHAPTER 17 Traumatic Brain Injury 429
Linda E. Krach, Mark E. Gormley, Jr., and Marcie Ward
CHAPTER 18 Neuromuscular Diseases 461
Craig M. McDonald
CHAPTER 19 Neurodegenerative and Demyelinating Diseases and Other CNS Disorders 518
Amy Houtrow
CHAPTER 20 Rehabilitation of Chronic Pain and Conversion Disorders 550
Marisa A. Wiktor and Stacy J. B. Peterson (A. Chronic Pain) 550
Michelle Miller (B. Conversion Disorders) 557
CHAPTER 21 Aging With Pediatric Onset Disability and Diseases 561
Margaret A. Turk, Jan Willem Gorter, and Lynne Romeiser Logan
Index 607
CONTRIBUTORS
Michael A. Alexander, MD James J. Carollo, PhD, PE
Professor Director, Center for Gait and Movement Analysis,
Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Musculoskeletal Research Center
Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson Children’s Hospital Colorado;
University Associate Professor
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
Emeritus Medical Staff Orthopaedics, Bioengineering
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Wilmington, Delaware Aurora, Colorado
Gerald H. Clayton, PhD
Katharine E. Alter, MD Director
Senior Clinician/Medical Director Translational Medicine and Outcomes Programs
Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Medicine/Clinical Center University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine
Eunice Shriver National Institute for Child Health Children’s Hospital Colorado
and Human Development Aurora, Colorado
National Institutes of Health
Jane A. Crowley, PsyD
Bethesda, Maryland;
Staff Physiatrist Psychologist
Rehabilitation Programs Behavioral Health
Mount Washington Pediatric Hospital Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Baltimore, Maryland Wilmington, Delaware
Lynn Driver, MA, MS, CCC-SLP
Speech-Language Pathologist
Susan D. Apkon, MD
Department of Speech-Language Pathology
Professor
University of Michigan Health System
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Washington;
Director
Daria Ettinger, RN
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Senior Research Associate
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Institute on Development & Disability
Seattle, Washington
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Rita Ayyangar, MD Mark E. Gormley, Jr., MD
Associate Professor Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Michigan Medical School; University of Minnesota
Attending Physician Minneapolis, Minnesota;
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Chief
Section of Pediatric Rehabilitation Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare
Ann Arbor, Michigan St. Paul, Minnesota
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Jan Willem Gorter, MD, PhD, FRCPC Linda E. Krach, MD
Professor President
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute
Department of Pediatrics and School of Rehabilitation Allina Health;
Science Adjunct Professor
CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
McMaster University University of Minnesota
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Minneapolis, Minnesota
Joseph E. Hornyak IV, MD, PhD Matthew Luetke, CPO
Professor Certifi ed Prosthetist/Orthotist
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hanger Clinic
Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Kansas City, Kansas
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Richard Lytton, MA, CCC-SLP
Speech-Language Pathologist
Amy Houtrow, MD, PhD, MPH
Coordinator
Associate Professor
Clinical Assistive Technology Services
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
and Pediatrics
Wilmington, Delaware
University of Pittsburgh;
Medical Director
Nicole Marcantuono, MD
Rehabilitation Institute
Attending Physician
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Division of Pediatric Rehabiliation Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware;
Ellen S. Kaitz, MD†
Associate Professor
Clinical Assistant Professor
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
The Ohio State University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation;
Director
Pediatric Rehabilitation Fellowship Program Dennis J. Matthews, MD
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Fischahs Chair
Columbus, Ohio Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine;
Professor and Chair
Aaron M. Karlin, MD Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chair University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Children’s Hospital Colorado
Ochsner Clinic Medical Center; Aurora, Colorado
Section Head
Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
Craig M. McDonald, MD
Ochsner Children’s Health Center;
Professor and Chair
Clinical Associate Professor
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation;
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Professor of Pediatrics
LSU School of Medicine
Director MDA Neuromuscular Disease Clinics
New Orleans, Louisiana
University of California Davis Medical Center
Sacramento, California
Elizabeth L. Koczur, MPT, PCS, CBIS
Physical Therapist
Matthew McLaughlin, MD
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware Fellow Physician
Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
The Children’s Mercy Hospital
† Deceased. Kansas City, Missouri
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Mary McMahon, MD Maureen R. Nelson, MD
Professor Associate Professor
Pediatrics, Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati; University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School;
Division Chief Medical Director
Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center Dell Children’s Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio Austin, Texas
Virginia S. Nelson, MD, MPH
Professor
Michelle Miller, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Assistant Clinical Professor
Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation
The Ohio State University;
University of Michigan
Section Chief
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Denise Peischl, BS, BME
Columbus, Ohio
Rehabilitation Engineer
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware
Elizabeth Moberg Wolff, MD
Medical Director
Stacy J. B. Peterson, MD
Pediatric Rehabilitation Associates
Assistant Professor
Brookfi eld, Wisconsin
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Ann Modrcin, MD, EMBA
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Elaine L. Pico, MD, FAAP, FAAPM&R
University of Missouri at Kansas City; Medical Director
Director Pediatric Rehabilitation
Division of Rehabilitation Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
The Children’s Mercy Hospital San Jose, California
Kansas City, Missouri
David Pruitt, MD
Associate Professor
Pediatrics, Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine
Kevin P. Murphy, MD
University of Cincinnati;
Medical Director
Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Sanford Health Systems
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Pediatric Rehabilitation
Cincinnati, Ohio
Bismarck, North Dakota;
Medical Director
Tariq Rahman, PhD
Northern Minnesota Clinics
Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare Principal Research Engineer
Duluth, Minnesota Nemours Biomedical Research
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children;
Research Professor
Emily Myers, MD Department of Mechanical Engineering
Assistant Professor University of Delaware
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Wilmington, Delaware;
University of Washington Department of Biomedical Engineering
Seattle Children’s Hospital Drexel University
Seattle, Washington Philadelphia, Pennsylvania