Pediatric Radiation Oncology

462 Pages·2018·20.37 MB·English

by  Thomas E. Merchant

Pediatric Oncology
Series Editors: Gregory H. Reaman · Franklin O. Smith
Thomas E. Merchant
Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
Editors
Pediatric Radiation
Oncology
Pediatric Oncology
Series Editors:
Gregory H. Reaman
Silver Spring, MD, USA
Franklin O. Smith
Cincinnati, OH, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5421
Thomas E. Merchant
Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
Editors
Pediatric Radiation
Oncology
Editors
Thomas E. Merchant Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
Department of Radiation Oncology Department of Radiation Oncology
St Jude Children’s Research Hospital University of Leipzig
Memphis, TN Leipzig, Germany
USA
ISSN 1613-5318 ISSN 2191-0812 (electronic)
Pediatric Oncology
ISBN 978-3-319-43544-2 ISBN 978-3-319-43545-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43545-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960210
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Preface
Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease past infancy among children
in the Western world. In the United States in 2014, it is estimated that 15,780
children and adolescents from birth to the age of 19 years will be diagnosed
with cancer and 1960 will die of the disease (Ward et al. 2014). In 1975, only
barely above 50% of children diagnosed with cancer before age 20 years sur-
vived more than 5 years (Ries et al. 1999). Since then results have greatly
improved such that in 2004–2010 more than 80% of children diagnosed with
cancer before age 20 years survived at least 5 years (Howlader et al. 2014,
National Cancer Institute, http://www.cancer.gov). Childhood malignancies
include a great variety of different tumor types for most of which multidisci-
plinary management with a combination of local and systemic treatments is
required for optimal outcomes; for many patients, radiation therapy as local
treatment is an integral component of the therapeutic strategy.
Pediatric malignancies are a challenge for the radiation oncologist due to
their rarity, the great variability of histological subtypes, and the complexity
of treatment concepts that undergo constant modification. Radiation therapy
technologies also undergo a continuous process of optimization and modern
technologies (e.g., intensity-modulated radiotherapy, proton therapy, inclu-
sion of modern imaging in treatment planning, and use of imaging to pre-
cisely guide treatment delivery) are rapidly becoming essential in the
management of children and teenagers with malignancies. This book
addresses the most recent developments in radiation therapy with respect to
the different types of childhood malignancies and the use of modern treat-
ment technologies. The chapters also address specific issues in the field of
anesthesia, palliative radiation therapy, and quality of life.
The book is therefore designed to provide a comprehensive overview of
current and future treatment concepts with emphasis on radiation therapy.
Special attention is paid to experiences on past and present trials worldwide
With the increase of the childhood population in low and middle income
countries, specific demands will be put on the management of childhood can-
cer in an environment with limited access to modern technologies. This book
therefore also addresses aspects for low and middle income countries.
v
vi Preface
Ries LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, et al (eds) (1999) Cancer Incidence and
survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program
1975–1995. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program. NIH Pub. No.
99-4649. Bethesda, MD
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al (eds) (2014) SEER cancer statis-
tics review, 1975–2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://
seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data
submission, posted to the SEER web site
Memphis, TN, USA Thomas E. Merchant, D.O., Ph.D.
Leipzig, Germany Rolf-Dieter Kortmann, M.D.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Thomas E. Merchant and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
2 Ewing Sarcoma and Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor . . . 3
Safia K. Ahmed, Siddhartha Laskar, and Nadia N. Laack
3 Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Stephanie Terezakis and Matthew Ladra
4 The Non-rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Desmoid
Tumor and Osteosarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Christopher L. Tinkle and John T. Lucas Jr.
5 Neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Joseph Panoff, John Lucas, Luke Pater, and Shefali Gajjar
6 Wilms Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
John A. Kalapurakal
7 Rare Tumors in Pediatric Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Jeffrey C. Buchsbaum, Jeannette Parkes,
and Thanushree Naidoo
8 Pediatric Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Erin Murphy, Matthew Poppe, and Rakesh Jalali
9 Medulloblastoma/Non-Medulloblastoma
Embryonal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Stephanie M. Perkins, Efrat Landau,
and Christine Hill-Kayser
10 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Eman Al Duhaiby, Christopher Tinkle, and Paul Aridgides
11 CNS Germ Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Erin Murphy, Shannon MacDonald, and Frank Saran
12 Childhood Ependymoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Rosangela Correa Villar and Thomas E. Merchant
13 Childhood Craniopharyngioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Thomas E. Merchant
vii
viii Contents
14 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Natia Esiashvili and Michael A. Pulsipher
15 Utilization of Radiation for Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . 313
Bradford S. Hoppe, Ronica H. Nanda,
and Anne-Marie Charpentier
16 Basic Principles and Advances in Technology Used
for Pediatric Radiotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Arthur J. Olch and Chia-Ho Hua
17 Proton Therapy for Pediatric Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Matthew D. Hall, Daniel J. Indelicato, Ronny Rotondo,
and Julie A. Bradley
18 Helical TomoTherapy in Pediatric-Adolescent Patients . . . . . . . 381
Maurizio Mascarin and Elisa Coassin
19 Localization, Verification, and Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Ralph Ermoian, Michael Rossi, Chris Beltran,
and Sally Rampersad
20 Palliative Radiotherapy and Management of the Pediatric
Oncology Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Tamara Vern-Gross and Karen Marcus
21 Pediatric Radiotherapy in Low and Middle
Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Natia Esiashvili, Verity Ahern, Jeannette Parkes, Hester
Burger, Yavuz Anacak, and Siddhartha Laskar
22 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Thomas E. Merchant and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
1
Introduction
Thomas E. Merchant and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann
Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease Pediatric malignancies are a challenge for the
past infancy among children in the Western world. radiation oncologist due to their rarity, the great
In the United States in 2014, it is estimated that variability of histological subtypes, and the com-
15,780 children and adolescents from birth to the plexity of treatment concepts that continue to
age of 19 years will be diagnosed with cancer and evolve. Radiation treatment methods, both tech-
1960 will die of the disease (Ward et al. 2014). In nology and process, undergo a continuous pro-
1975, fewer than 50% of children diagnosed with cess of optimization. Poignant example include
cancer before the age of 20 years survived more intensity modulated radiotherapy, proton therapy,
than 5 years (Ries et al. 1999). Since then results inclusion of modern imaging for treatment plan-
have greatly improved. In 2004–2010 more than ning, localization, and verification. All methods
80% of children diagnosed with cancer before age and modalities associated with contemporary
20 years survived at least 5 years (Howlader et al. adult treatment are essential to the management
2013, National Cancer Institute, http://www.can- of children and young adults with cancer and
cer.gov). Childhood malignancies include a vari- allied diseases. This work addresses the most
ety of different tumour types. Most require recent developments in radiation therapy with
multidisciplinary management with a combina- respect to the different types of childhood can-
tion of local and systemic treatments to achieve cers and conditions that require irradiation. Each
optimal outcomes; for many patients, radiation chapter addresses specific issues in the field of
therapy as local treatment is an integral compo- pediatric radiation oncology by disease, disci-
nent of the therapeutic strategy. pline, and topic relevant to the treatment of chil-
dren and young adults. This work is designed to
provide a comprehensive overview of current and
future concepts with emphasis on radiation ther-
apy. Experience based on past and present trials
are given priority.
T.E. Merchant, D.O., Ph.D. (*)
With the increase of the childhood population
Department Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s
in low and medium income countries specific
Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place,
MS 210, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA demands will be put on the management of child-
e-mail: [email protected] hood cancer in an environment with limited
R.-D. Kortmann, M.D. access to modern technologies. This work
Department of Radiation Therapy, University of addresses certain challenges associated with low
Leipzig, Stephanstr. 9a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
and medium income countries.
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018 1
T.E. Merchant, R.-D. Kortmann (eds.), Pediatric Radiation Oncology, Pediatric Oncology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43545-9_1
2 T.E. Merchant and R.-D. Kortmann
References NIH Pub. No. 99–4649, National Cancer Institute,
SEER Program, Bethesda, MD
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al (eds) (2013)
Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A et al (2014) Childhood
SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2011. National
and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J
Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.
Clin 64(2):83–103. doi:10.3322/caac.21219
gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER
Ries LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, et al (eds) (1999)
data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April
Cancer incidence and survival among children and
2014
adolescents: United States SEER program 1975–1995.