Pediatric Otolaryngology: Principles and Practice Pathways

975 Pages·2012·69.412 MB·English

by  Ralph F. Wetmore, Harlan R. Muntz, Trevor J. McGill

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A comprehensive, single-volume text e
covering the breadth and depth of
Principles and Practice Pathways
modern pediatric otolaryngology
Written and edited by renowned experts, Pediatric Otolaryngology: Principles and P Ralph F. Wetmore
Practice Pathways, Second Edition, covers the medical and surgical management of e
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clinical problems encountered in pediatric otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. The
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core of the book is the evidence-based practice pathways formulated to help clinicians a
Trevor J. McGill Second Edition
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identify and treat a wide range of disorders, ranging from the common to the highly
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complex. Designed to be the resident’s go-to book during pediatric otolaryngology i
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rotations and an authoritative reference for day-to-day practice, this text will be a
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valued professional asset for years to come.
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New in this second edition:
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• A current review of pediatric cochlear implantation r
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• Up-to-date coverage of genetic breakthroughs that impact congenital hearing loss
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• Discussion of recent controversies surrounding tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
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• Coverage of the new subspecialties emerging within the broader fi eld of pediatric o
otolaryngology, including airway reconstruction, voice, and more l
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The clinical pathways in this encyclopedic text provide a roadmap for the decision- y
making process and are essential for residents, fellows, and practitioners in pediatric
otolaryngology who strive to provide the highest level of patient care.
Ralph F. Wetmore, MD, is Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, The Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, E. Mortimer Newlin Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Harlan R. Muntz, MD, is Professor of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and
Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Trevor J. McGill, MD, is Professor of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, o
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and The Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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An award-winning international medical and scientifi c publisher, Thieme has demonstrated
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its commitment to the highest standard of quality in the state-of-the-art content and i
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presentation of all of its products. Thieme’s trademark blue and silver covers have become n
synonymous with excellence in publishing.
ISBN 978-1-60406-413-1
www.thieme.com
WWeettmmoorree__PPeedd--OOttoollaarryynn__99778811660044006644113311 11 0099..1122..1111 1111::4477
Pediatric Otolaryngology
Principles and Practice Pathways
Second Edition

Pediatric Otolaryngology
Principles and Practice Pathways
Second Edition
Ralph F. Wetmore, MD
E. Mortimer Newlin Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Harlan R. Muntz, MD
Professor of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Trevor J. McGill, MD
Professor of Otology and Laryngology
Harvard Medical School
The Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Thieme
New York • Stuttgart
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wetmore, Ralph F.
Pediatric otolaryngology : principles and practice pathways / Ralph F. Wetmore, Harlan R. Muntz, Trevor J. McGill. --2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60406-413-1
I. Muntz, Harlan R. II. McGill, Trevor J. I. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases. 2. Child. 3. Infant. WV 140]
618.92'09751--dc23
2011043670
Copyright © 2012 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use,
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of the possibility of human error by the authors, editors, or publisher of the work herein or changes in medical knowledge, neither the
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Printed in the United States of America
978-1-60406-413-1
This book is dedicated to all the children: those for whom we have cared, those from whom we
have been privileged to learn, and those who have blessed our own families.

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Part I. General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Care of the Pediatric Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jane M. Lavelle and Andrew T. Costarino, Jr.
2. Anesthesia in the Child and Adolescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Robert S. Holzman
3. Role of Allergy and Immunologic Dysfunction in Upper Respiratory Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sachin N. Baxi, Wanda Phipatanakul, and Dwight T. Jones
4. Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
J. Christopher Post
5. Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Karen F. Watters and Trevor J. McGill
6. Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Karen F. Watters and Trevor J. McGill
7. Psychiatric Issues in the Care of Pediatric Otolaryngology Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Lisa L. Giles and D. Richard Martini
Part II. The Ear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
8. Structure and Function of the Temporal Bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Christopher P. Poje and Jay S. Rechtweg
9. Radiology of the Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Sanjay P. Prabhu
10. Pediatric Audiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Brian J. Fligor
11. The Child with Imbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Brian P. Dunham
12. Introduction to Pediatric Otology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
William P. Potsic and Tali Lando
13. Congenital Malformations of the Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Jessica R. Levi and Kenneth M. Grundfast
14. Diseases of the External Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Ralph F. Wetmore
viii Contents
15. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
Lisa M. Elden
16. Chronic Disorders of the Middle Ear and Mastoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
John A. Germiller
17. Regional and Intracranial Complications of Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Steven E. Sobol and Jonathan A. MacLean
18. Diseases of the Cochlea and Labyrinth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Douglas R. Johnston and Margaret A. Kenna
19. Pediatric Cochlear Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Rodney P. Lusk and Audie L. Woolley
20. Traumatic Injury to the Ear and Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
David J. Brown
21. Neoplasms of the Ear and Temporal Bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Marc C. Thorne
Part III. The Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, and Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
22. Structure and Function of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Lawrence W.C. Tom
23. Pediatric Imaging of the Sinonasal Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
John W. Rampton
24. Introduction to Pediatric Rhinology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Harlan R. Muntz and Rodney P. Lusk
25. Congenital Malformations of the Nose, Nasopharynx, and Sinuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Vikash K. Modi, Robert F. Ward, and Max M. April
26. Acute Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Mark D. Rizzi
27. Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429
Harlan R. Muntz
28. Regional and Intracranial Complications of Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Ken Kazahaya
29. Pediatric Facial Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Craig W. Senders
30. Neoplasms of the Midface and Anterior Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Karen F. Watters, Reza Rahbar, and Trevor J. McGill
Part IV. The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
31. Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Jeffrey L. Keller and Philip T. Ho
32. Introduction to Disorders of the Upper Alimentary Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490
Ralph F. Wetmore
33. Congenital Malformations of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Glenn Isaacson
34. Cleft Lip and Palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
James D. Sidman and Harlan R. Muntz
35. Dental and Orthodontic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
Donald V. Huebener, Richard J. Nissen, and Richard Bruun
Contents ix
36. Acquired Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552
Gi Soo Lee
37. Infant and Pediatric Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
Norman R. Friedman
38. Tonsil and Adenoid Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
Ralph F. Wetmore
39. Airway Manifestations of Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
Christopher J. Hartnick and Steve C. Maturo
40. Caustic Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611
James W. Forsen
41. Diseases of the Salivary Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620
Scott M. Rickert and Steven D. Handler
42. Traumatic Injuries to the Oral Cavity and Pharynx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
Dwight T. Jones and Brian K. Reilly
43. Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Upper Alimentary Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636
Brian K. Reilly and Mark S. Volk
Part V. The Larynx, Trachea, and Upper Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .649
44. Structure and Function of the Upper Airway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651
Harlan R. Muntz, M. Constanza Beltran, and Raimundo J. Garcia
45. Imaging of the Upper Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .660
Stephanie A. DiPerna, Carlo Buonomo, and Edward Y. Lee
46. Communication Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674
Howard C. Shane, Kara B. Corley, John M. Costello, Hope E. Dickinson, Kimberly B. Hall,
Jennifer A. Perez, and Geralyn Harvey-Woodnorth
47. Disorders of the Pediatric Voice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .687
Scott M. Rickert and Karen B. Zur
48. Introduction to Disorders of the Upper Airway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697
Ian N. Jacobs
49. Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx and Trachea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708
Margo McKenna Benoit and Roger C. Nuss
50. Vocal Fold Paralysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Marshall E. Smith
51. Management of Foreign Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
Harlan R. Muntz
52. Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Larynx and Trachea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .744
Kathleen C.Y. Sie
53. Management of Acute Airway Obstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757
Ralph F. Wetmore
54. Management of Chronic Airway Obstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
J. Scott McMurray
55. Traumatic Injury to the Larynx, Trachea, Esophagus, and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789
Adele Evans
56. Neoplasms of the Larynx and Trachea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
Craig S. Derkay and David H. Darrow