Pediatric nutrition in practice PDF
Preview Pediatric nutrition in practice
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Editor: B. Koletzko Vol. 113 Pediatric Nutrition in Practice 2nd, revised edition Editor B. Koletzko Co-Editors J. Bhatia Z.A. Bhutta P. Cooper M. Makrides R. Uauy W. Wang Pediatric Nutrition in Practice Supported by an unrestricted educational grant from the Nestlé Nutrition Institute. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Vol. 113 Series Editor Berthold Koletzko Munich Pediatric Nutrition in Practice 2nd, revised edition Volume Editor Berthold Koletzko Munich Co-Editors Jatinder Bhatia Augusta, Ga. Zulfiqar A. Bhutta Karachi Peter Cooper Johannesburg Maria Makrides North Adelaide, S.A. Ricardo Uauy Santiago de Chile Weiping Wang Shanghai 60 figures, 27 in color, and 107 tables, 2015 Basel • Freiburg • Paris • London • New York • Chennai • New Delhi • Bangkok • Beijing • Shanghai • Tokyo • Kuala Lumpur • Singapore • Sydney Berthold Koletzko Jatinder Bhatia Ricardo Uauy Division of Metabolic and Division of Neonatology INTA Nutritional Medicine Georgia Regents University University of Chile Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital Health Sciences Campus Casilla 138-11 Medical Center 1120 15th Street BIW 6033 Santiago de Chile (Chile) Ludwig-Maximilians-University Augusta, GA 30912 (USA) of Munich Zulfiqar A. Bhutta Lindwurmstr. 4 Peter Cooper Department of Paediatrics and DE–80337 Munich (Germany) Department of Paediatrics Child Health University of the Witwatersrand Aga Khan University and Charlotte Maxeke Karachi 74800 (Pakistan) Johannesburg Academic Hospital Private Bag X39 Maria Makrides Johannesburg 2000 (South Africa) Women’s and Children’s Health Research Institute 72 King William Road North Adelaide, SA 5006 (Australia) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weiping Wang Pediatric nutrition in practice / volume editor, Berthold Koletzko ; co-editors, Jatinder Bhatia, Zulfi qar A. Bhutta, Peter Cooper, Maria Fudan University Makrides, S.A. Ricardo Uauy, Weiping Wang. -- 2nd, revised edition. Children‘s Hospital p. ; cm. -- (World review of nutrition and dietetics ; vol. 113) 399 Rd. Wanyuanlu Includes bibliographical references and index. 201102 Shanghai (China) ISBN 978-3-318-02690-0 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02691-7 (electronic version) I. Koletzko, B. (Berthold), editor. II. Series: World review of nutrition and dietetics ; v. 113. [DNLM: 1. Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. W1 WO898 / WS 130] RJ206 618.92--dc23 2015006000 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and PubMed/MEDLINE. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their eff ectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every eff ort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Copyright 2015 by Nestec Ltd., Vevey (Switzerland) and S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck, Ettlingen ISSN 1660–2242 e-ISSN 1662–2898 ISBN 978–3–318–02690–0 e-ISBN 978–3–318–02691–7 Contents List of Contributors ....................................................................................... IX Preface ..................................................................................................... XIV 1 Specific Aspects of Childhood Nutrition 1.1 Child Growth Kim F. Michaelsen ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Nutritional Assessment 1.2.1 Clinical Evaluation and Anthropometry John W.L. Puntis ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Diet History and Dietary Intake Assessment Pauline Emmett .............................................................................................. 14 1.2.3 Use of Technical Measurements in Nutritional Assessment Babette S. Zemel (cid:2) Virginia A. Stallings ...................................................................... 19 1.2.4 Use of Laboratory Measurements in Nutritional Assessment Ryan W. Himes (cid:2) Robert J. Shulman .........................................................................23 1.3 Nutritional Needs 1.3.1 Nutrient Intake Values: Concepts and Applications Berthold Koletzko ............................................................................................29 1.3.2 Energy Requirements of Infants, Children and Adolescents Nancy F. Butte ................................................................................................34 1.3.3 Protein Johannes B. van Goudoever ............................................................................................. 41 1.3.4 Digestible and Non-Digestible Carbohydrates Iva Hojsak .................................................................................................................... 46 1.3.5 Fats Patricia Mena (cid:2) Ricardo Uauy ............................................................................................ 51 1.3.6 Fluid and Electrolytes Esther N. Prince (cid:2) George J. Fuchs ....................................................................................... 56 1.3.7 Vitamins and Trace Elements Noel W. Solomons ......................................................................................................... 62 1.4 Physical Activity, Health and Nutrition Robert M. Malina .......................................................................................................... 68 1.5 Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health Berthold Koletzko ......................................................................................................... 72 1.6 Food Safety Hildegard Przyrembel ..................................................................................................... 78 1.7 Gastrointestinal Development, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption Michael J. Lentze .......................................................................................................... 83 1.8 Gut Microbiota in Infants Akihito Endo (cid:2) Mimi L.K. Tang (cid:2) Seppo Salminen .................................................................... 87 2 Nutrition of Healthy Infants, Children and Adolescents 2.1 Breastfeeding Kim F. Michaelsen ......................................................................................................... 92 2.2 Formula Feeding Berthold Koletzko .......................................................................................................... 97 2.3 Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes Neelam Kler (cid:2) Naveen Gupta (cid:2) Anup Thakur ........................................................................104 2.4 Complementary Foods Mary Fewtrell ..............................................................................................................109 2.5 Allergy Prevention through Early Nutrition Sibylle Koletzko ........................................................................................................... 113 2.6 Toddlers, Preschool and School Children Hildegard Przyrembel ................................................................................................... 118 2.7 Adolescent Nutrition Rehana A. Salam (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ..................................................................................122 2.8 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation Lenka Malek (cid:2) Maria Makrides ..........................................................................................127 2.9 Vegetarian Diets Claire T. McEvoy (cid:2) Jayne V. Woodside .................................................................................134 3 Nutritional Challenges in Special Conditions and Diseases 3.1 Primary and Secondary Malnutrition Lubaba Shahrin (cid:2) Mohammod Jobayer Chisti (cid:2) Tahmeed Ahmed ..............................................139 3.2 Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children Ali Faisal Saleem (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ..................................................................................147 3.3 Enteral Nutritional Support Sanja Kolaček ..............................................................................................................152 3.4 Parenteral Nutritional Support Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................158 3.5 Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity Louise A. Baur .............................................................................................................163 3.6 Reducing the Burden of Acute and Prolonged Childhood Diarrhea Jai K. Das (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ...........................................................................................168 3.7 HIV and AIDS Haroon Saloojee (cid:2) Peter Cooper .......................................................................................173 3.8 Nutritional Management in Cholestatic Liver Disease Bram P. Raphael ...........................................................................................................178 3.9 Malabsorptive Disorders and Short Bowel Syndrome Olivier Goulet .............................................................................................................182 3.10 Celiac Disease Riccardo Troncone (cid:2) Marco Sarno .....................................................................................190 3.11 Food Intolerance and Allergy Ralf G. Heine ...............................................................................................................195 3.12 Regurgitation and Gastroesophageal Reflux Noam Zevit (cid:2) Raanan Shamir ...........................................................................................203 3.13 Childhood Feeding Problems Maureen M. Black ........................................................................................................209 3.14 Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants Ekhard E. Ziegler ..........................................................................................................214 3.15 Nutritional Management of Diabetes in Childhood Carmel Smart .............................................................................................................218 3.16 Inborn Errors of Metabolism Anita MacDonald .........................................................................................................226 3.17 Hypercholesterolemia Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................234 3.18 Enteral Nutrition for Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Marialena Mouzaki (cid:2) Anne Marie Griffiths ............................................................................239 3.19 Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis Michael Wilschanski ......................................................................................................244 3.20 Heart Disease Michelle M. Steltzer (cid:2) Terra Lafranchi .................................................................................250 3.21 Nutritional Management in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Lesley Rees ................................................................................................................254 3.22 Nutrition Rehabilitation in Eating Disorders Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................259 3.23 Haemato-Oncology John W.L. Puntis ..........................................................................................................266 3.24 Intensive Care Jessie M. Hulst (cid:2) Koen F.M. Joosten ....................................................................................271 4 Annexes 4.1 The WHO Child Growth Standards Mercedes de Onis ........................................................................................................278 4.2 The CDC and Euro Growth Charts Ekhard E. Ziegler ..........................................................................................................295 4.3 Reference Nutrient Intakes of Infants, Children and Adolescents Berthold Koletzko (cid:2) Katharina Dokoupil ..............................................................................308 4.4 Feeding My Baby – Advice for Families Berthold Koletzko (cid:2) Katharina Dokoupil ..............................................................................316 4.5 Increasing Dietary Energy and Nutrient Supply Katharina Dokoupil (cid:2) Berthold Koletzko ..............................................................................320 4.6 Dietary Assessment in Children Pauline Emmett ...........................................................................................................322 5 Index Author Index .............................................................................................................326 Subject Index ............................................................................................................327 List of Contributors Tahmeed Ahmed Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Centre for Nutrition and Food Security Intensive Care Unit, Dhaka Hospital & ICDDR,B Centre for Nutrition and Food Security GPO Box 128 ICDDR,B GPO Box 128 Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh) Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected] Louise A. Baur Peter Cooper Clinical School Department of Paediatrics The Children’s Hospital at Westmead University of the Witwatersrand and Locked Bag 4001 Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital Westmead, NSW 2145 (Australia) Private Bag X39 E-Mail [email protected] Johannesburg 2000 (South Africa) E-Mail [email protected] Zulfiqar A. Bhutta Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Jai K. Das Aga Khan University Division of Woman and Child Health Karachi 74800 (Pakistan) Aga Khan University E-Mail [email protected] Karachi 74800 (Pakistan) E-Mail [email protected] Maureen M. Black Department of Pediatrics and Mercedes de Onis Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Department of Nutrition University of Maryland School of Medicine World Health Organization 737 W. Lombard Street, Room 161 Avenue Appia 20 Baltimore, MD 21201 (USA) CH–1211 Geneva 27 (Switzerland) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected] Nancy F. Butte Katharina Dokoupil Department of Pediatrics Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich 1100 Bates Street Lindwurmstrasse 4 Houston, TX 77030 (USA) DE–80337 Munich (Germany) E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected]
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