Pediatric Fitness: Secular Trends and Geographic Variability (Medicine and Sport Science) PDF
Preview Pediatric Fitness: Secular Trends and Geographic Variability (Medicine and Sport Science)
Pediatric Fitness Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 50 Series Editors J. Borms,Brussels M. Hebbelinck,Brussels A.P. Hills,Brisbane Pediatric Fitness Secular Trends and Geographic Variability Volume Editors Grant R. Tomkinson,Adelaide Timothy S. Olds,Adelaide 49 figures, and 39 tables, 2007 Basel·Freiburg·Paris·London·New York· Bangalore·Bangkok·Singapore·Tokyo·Sydney Medicine and Sport Science Founder and Editor from 1969 to 1984: E. Jokl†, Lexington, Ky. Dr. Grant R. Tomkinson Prof. Timothy S. Olds Centre for Applied Anthropometry Nutritional Physiology Research Centre School of Health Sciences School of Health Science University of South Australia University of South Australia City East Campus City East Campus GPO Box 2471 GPO Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5001 (Australia) Adelaide SA 5001 (Australia) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents®and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, options and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individ- ual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Copyright 2007 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 0254–5020 ISBN 978–3–8055–8177–6 Contents VII Foreword Doll-Tepper, G. (Berlin) VIII Contributors 1 Introduction Tomkinson, G.R.; Olds, T.S. (Adelaide) 5 Aerobic Fitness: What Are We Measuring? Armstrong, N.; Welsman, J.R. (Exeter) 26 Anaerobic Fitness Tests: What Are We Measuring? Van Praagh, E. (Aubière) 46 Secular Changes in Pediatric Aerobic Fitness Test Performance: The Global Picture Tomkinson, G.R.; Olds, T.S. (Adelaide) 67 Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents in the United States: Status and Secular Change Malina, R.M. (Stephenville, Tex.) 91 Fitness of Canadian Children: Range from Traditional Inuit to Sedentary City Dwellers, and Assessment of Secular Changes Shephard, R.J. (Toronto, Ont.) V 104 Who Are the Eurofittest? Tomkinson, G.R.; Olds, T.S. (Adelaide); Borms, J. (Brussels) 129 Changes in Eurofit Test Performance of Estonian and Lithuanian Children and Adolescents (1992–2002) Jürimäe, T. (Tartu); Volbekiene, V. (Kaunas); Jürimäe, J. (Tartu); Tomkinson, G.R. (Adelaide) 143 Evolution and Variability in Fitness Test Performance of Asian Children and Adolescents Macfarlane, D.J. (Hong Kong); Tomkinson, G.R. (Adelaide) 168 Secular Changes in Aerobic Fitness Test Performance of Australasian Children and Adolescents Tomkinson, G.R.; Olds, T.S. (Adelaide) 183 Prevalence, Trends and Environmental Influences on Child and Youth Physical Activity Salmon, J.; Timperio, A. (Burwood) 200 Evolution of Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Children Rowland, T.W. (Springfield, Mass.) 210 Distributional Changes in the Performance of Australian Children on Tests of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Dollman, J.; Olds, T.S. (Adelaide) 226 Declines in Aerobic Fitness: Are They Only Due to Increasing Fatness? Olds, T.S.; Ridley, K.; Tomkinson, G.R. (Adelaide) 241 Subject Index Contents VI Foreword In the conduct of scientific research, the testing of a theory often generates additional questions or identifies gaps in information that require further study. Research into the fitness of young people has been no exception. If fitness of children is declining, why is it doing so? when did it start happening? are they still fit enough? and for practical purposes, what can we do about it? Pediatric Fitness – Secular Trends and Geographic Variability provides us with a comprehensive, worldwide overview of changes in children’s fitness levels over previous decades and while the volume does not aim to provide an answer for what can be done about declining levels, it is thorough in its compi- lation of international data, which paints a very apparent picture. Given the current international spotlight on overweight and obesity, this book will contribute greatly to the evidence base and the argument surrounding the impact that physical activity, or inactivity, has. Policy makers, practitioners, providers and even parents, will benefit from the information presented as it can be used as a tool for advocacy and support. I, as President of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE), commend the authors and editors for compiling such an extensive body of research which can support future decision-making processes. ICSSPE welcomes and encourages the sharing of research, seeing it as a vital component of development of all aspects of sport, sport science and physical education. Gudrun Doll-Tepper ICSSPE President VII Contributors Contributors Neil Armstrong Duncan Macfarlane University of Exeter, Exeter (UK) University of Hong Kong, [email protected] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) [email protected] Jan Borms Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels Robert Malina (Belgium) Tarleton State University, Bay City, [email protected] Tex. (USA) [email protected] James Dollman University of South Australia, Timothy Olds Adelaide (Australia) University of South Australia, [email protected] Adelaide (Australia) [email protected] Jaak Jürimäe University of Tartu, Tartu (Estonia) Kate Ridley [email protected] Flinders University, Adelaide (Australia) Toivo Jürimäe [email protected] University of Tartu, Tartu (Estonia) [email protected] Thomas Rowland Bay State Medical Center, Bay City, Tex. (USA) [email protected] VIII Jo Salmon Emmanuel Van Praagh Deakin University, Burwood Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière (Australia) (France) [email protected] [email protected] Roy Shephard Vida Volbekiene University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Lithuanian Academy of Physical (Canada) Education, Kaunas (Lithuania) [email protected] [email protected] Anna Timperio Joanne Welsman Deakin University, Burwood, University of Exeter, Exeter (UK) (Australia) [email protected] [email protected] Grant Tomkinson University of South Australia, Adelaide (Australia) [email protected] Referees The chapters in this volume have undergone peer review by an international expert committee consisting of the following members: Lars Bo Andersen, Oslo Sang-Jo Kang, Seoul Neil Armstrong, Exeter Luc Léger, Montreal, Qué. Georges Baquet, Lille Duncan Macfarlane, Hong Kong Michael Beets, Corvallis, Oreg. Robert Malina, Stephenville, Tex. Cora Craig, Toronto, Ont. Geraldine Naughton, Sydney David Docherty, Victoria, B.C. Timothy Olds, Adelaide James Dollman, Adelaide Kate Ridley, Adelaide Robert Duffield, Bathurst Thomas Rowland, Springfield, Mass. Frank Fu, Hong Kong Ann Rowlands, Exeter Michael Hamlin, Christchurch Grant Tomkinson, Adelaide Beth Hands, Fremantle Niels Wedderkopp, Ringe Contributors IX
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