Pediatric Dentistry PDF
Preview Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric Dentistry Pediatric Dentistry A clinical approach Second edition Editors Göran Koch Sven Poulsen This edition fi rst published 2009 © 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd © 2001 by Munksgaard, Copenhagen Blackwell Munksgaard, formerly an imprint of Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial offi ces 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pediatric dentistry : a clinical approach / editors, Göran Koch, Sven Poulsen. -- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-6100-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Pedodontics. I. Koch, Göran. II. Poulsen, Sven. [DNLM: 1. Pediatric Dentistry. 2. Dental Care for Children--methods. WU 480 P36983 2009] RK55.C5P447 2009 617.6’45--dc22 2008030047 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 1 2009 Contents Preface to the second edition xiii Perspectives on psychological development 17 A biopsychosocial approach 17 Contributors xiv Aspects of psychological development 18 Cognitive development 18 1 Pediatric oral health care: Emotional development 21 the perspectives 1 Developmental tasks 23 Sven Poulsen and Göran Koch Man is a social animal 24 Attachment theory 24 How it began: the historical perspective 1 Social ecology 25 Community responsibility: the population A holistic description of children of perspective 1 different ages 25 From birth to adolescence: the oral health The preschool years (3–5 years) 25 perspective 1 The elementary school years (6–12 years) 26 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Adolescence (13–18 years) 27 the ethical perspective 2 Developmental psychopathology 28 Pediatric dentistry: the clinical perspective 3 The biopsychosocial model 29 References 4 Resilience and protective factors 29 Developmental lines 29 2 Growth and pubertal development 5 Summary 30 Anders Juul, Sven Kreiborg and References 30 Katharina M. Main Measurement of growth in different phases 4 Dental fear and behavior of life 5 management problems 32 Prenatal growth 5 Gunilla Klingberg, Magne Raadal and Postnatal growth 5 Kristina Arnrup Infancy 6 D efi nitions and prevalence of dental fear and Childhood 7 anxiety 32 Puberty 7 Etiology 33 Growing pains 8 Personal factors 34 Evaluation of growth charts 8 External factors 35 Bone age determination 10 Dental factors 36 Final height prediction 10 Principles of management 37 Dental age determination 10 Creating a safe environment for the child 37 Disorders of growth and puberty 11 Behavior shaping 38 Intrauterine growth restriction 11 Desensitization 39 Postnatal growth failure 11 Behavioral techniques in combination with Tall stature and growth acceleration 13 sedatives 41 Early puberty 15 Emergency situations 42 Late puberty 15 Specialized pediatric dentists 42 Disorders with deviations in dental maturity 15 References 43 Conclusion 15 References 16 5 Pain, pain control, and sedation 44 Magne Raadal, Stefan Lundeberg and 3 Child and adolescent psychological Gro Haukali development 17 Anders G. Broberg and Gunilla Klingberg Methods of pain control 46 vi Contents Local analgesia and pain control 47 8 Radiographic examination and Intraoral topical analgesics 47 diagnosis 79 Local analgesic solutions 47 Hanne Hintze and Ivar Espelid Methods of administration 47 Indications for radiographs in children and Contraindications 51 adolescents 79 Complications 51 Principles for interpretation of radiographs 79 Toxicity 51 Radiographic anomalies and pathologies in Preparation of the patient 52 children and adolescents 80 General analgesia 53 Caries and its sequela 80 Conscious sedation 53 Intervals between bitewing examinations 81 Indications and contraindications 54 Trauma to teeth and supporting tissue 82 Oral and rectal administration of Developmental and acquired dental anomalies 82 benzodiazepines 54 Systemic diseases and syndromes 83 Routes and doses 55 Treatment planning prior to orthodontics 83 Clinical considerations 56 Treatment planning prior to surgery 83 General anesthesia 58 Intraoral radiographic techniques 83 References 59 Periapical radiographs 83 Bitewing radiographs 84 6 Dental caries in children and Three-dimensional object localization adolescents 61 radiographs 85 Marit Slåttelid Skeie, Lill-Kari Wendt Extraoral radiographic techniques 86 and Sven Poulsen Panoramic examination 86 Childhood dental caries as a health Scanography 87 problem 61 Computed tomography 87 Epidemiology of dental caries in children Radiation protection 89 and adolescents 62 Patient protection in general 89 Epidemiological data on dental caries 63 Image receptor sensitivity 89 Dental caries in the primary dentition of Beam collimation 89 preschool children 64 Lead protection 89 Caries in the permanent dentition 66 Patient cooperation 90 Caries in children and adolescents in a References 90 changing society 67 References 68 9 Caries prevention 91 Göran Koch, Sven Poulsen and 7 Case history and clinical examination 71 Svante Twetman Sven Poulsen and Lars Matsson The importance and concepts of caries Case history 71 prevention 91 The family history 72 How does caries develop? 92 General medical history 72 Evidence-based prevention 94 Dental history 73 The randomized controlled trial 94 Clinical examination 73 Where to fi nd the evidence 95 General appearance 73 Basics of caries prevention 96 Examination of the head and neck 73 Diet 96 Intraoral examination 74 Plaque control 98 Examination of the oral mucosa 74 Fluoride 99 Examination of periodontal tissues 75 Fissure sealing 102 Examination of teeth 75 Preventive strategies 103 Examination for temporomandibular joint High-risk and population strategies 103 problems 77 Evaluation of caries risk in individuals 105 Examination of occlusion 77 Background data and clinical evaluation Records 77 of caries risk 105 References 78 Risk ages 107 Contents vii Preventive and operative care: a coordinated Indices for dental erosion 147 approach 108 Follow-up of patients with erosions 147 References 108 Preventive policies 148 General aspects 148 10 Diagnosis and management of dental Elimination of etiological factors 148 caries 110 Population-based prevention 149 Ingegerd Mejàre, Magne Raadal and Restorative treatment 150 Ivar Espelid References 151 The concept of caries diagnosis 110 12 Pedodontic endodontics 153 Detection and assessment of the caries lesion Ulla Schröder (caries diagnosis) 110 Assessing and grading lesion severity 111 Diagnosis of pulp lesions in primary and Assessing and grading lesion activity 111 immature permanent teeth 153 Diagnostic tools 111 Should endodontic interventions be carried Visual–tactile and radiographic out in the primary dentition? 154 examination 111 Endodontic techniques in primary teeth 154 Occlusal surfaces (pit and fi ssures) 113 Stepwise excavation 155 Free smooth surfaces 115 Direct pulp capping 156 Approximal surfaces 115 Partial pulpotomy 156 Alternative/supplementary diagnostic tools 116 Pulpotomy 157 The concept of caries treatment 116 Pulpectomy and root canal therapy 157 Nonoperative treatment 116 Wound dressings and tissue reactions 157 Operative (restorative) treatment 117 Calcium hydroxide and MTA 157 Indications for operative (restorative) Formocresol 158 treatment of primary teeth 118 Ferric sulfate 158 Treatment planning 118 Complications (primary teeth) 159 Restorative procedures 120 Follow-up and long-term prognosis Restorative materials: basic principles and (primary dentition) 159 handling 120 Pulp therapy in immature permanent S pecifi c conditions for different age groups 121 teeth 159 0–3 years 121 Stepwise excavation 159 3–6 years (primary teeth) 124 Partial pulpotomy 159 6–12 years 128 Pulpotomy 160 12–19 years 131 Pulpectomy 160 References 137 Root canal treatment 160 Bleaching of nonvital discolored permanent 11 Dental erosion 141 teeth 161 Ann-Katrin Johansson, Göran Koch and Handling the emergency child patient 163 Sven Poulsen Pain at food intake 163 Toothache at night 163 Epidemiology 141 Use of antibiotics 164 Etiology 142 References 165 Gastroesophageal refl ux (disease) 143 Asthma 143 13 Periodontal conditions 166 Eating disorders 143 Bengt Sjödin and Lars Matsson Other factors associated with dental erosion 144 Drinking habits 144 Normal periodontal conditions 166 Salivary factors 144 Primary dentition 166 Oral hygiene practices 144 Permanent dentition 166 Lifestyle 144 B acteria-induced infl ammatory periodontal Case history and clinical examination 145 diseases 167 Case history 145 Gingivitis 167 Clinical examination 146 Clinical picture 167 viii Contents Age-related differences 167 15 Eruption and shedding of teeth 197 Etiology 168 Göran Koch, Sven Kreiborg and Treatment 170 Jens O. Andreasen Periodontitis 170 Chronology of normal tooth eruption 197 Clinical picture 170 Primary dentition 197 Classifi cation and epidemiology 171 Permanent dentition 197 Chronic periodontitis 172 Mechanism and theories of tooth eruption 197 Aggressive periodontitis 172 Mechanism of shedding of primary teeth 200 Etiology and risk factors 173 Systemic disturbances affecting tooth Screening and treatment 177 eruption and shedding 200 Prevention of bacteria-induced infl ammatory Premature tooth eruption 201 periodontal diseases 178 Delayed tooth eruption 201 Mechanical plaque control 178 Premature shedding of primary teeth 202 Chemical plaque control 179 Local disturbances affecting tooth eruption Gingival recession 179 and shedding 203 Gingival enlargements 179 Local aberrations in primary dentition 203 Drug-induced gingival overgrowth 179 Natal and neonatal tooth eruption 203 Gingival fi bromatosis 180 Symptoms associated with “teething” 203 Necrotizing periodontal diseases 180 Fibrotic mucosa and eruption cysts 204 Traumatic ulcerative gingival lesions 180 Infraocclusion of primary molars 204 Streptococcal gingivitis 181 Retention of primary teeth 206 References 181 Local aberrations in permanent dentition 206 Ectopic eruption 206 14 Tooth development and disturbances Ectopic malpositions 207 in number and shape of teeth 183 Sequelae to trauma 208 Göran Koch, Irma Thesleff and Supernumerary teeth, mesiodentes, and Sven Kreiborg odontomas 208 Mechanisms of normal and abnormal tooth Ankylosis 208 Developmental disturbances 210 development 183 Background literature 211 Principles of tooth development 183 References 211 Molecules regulating tooth development 183 Disturbances in tooth development 186 16 Occlusal development, preventive, Genetic causes of disturbed tooth and interceptive orthodontics 212 development 186 Jüri Kurol and Bengt Mohlin Hypodontia and abnormal tooth shape 187 Hyperdontia 187 Occlusal development of the primary Clinical aspects 187 dentition 213 Chronology of dental development 187 Malocclusions in the primary dentition 214 Dental age estimation 188 Etiology of malocclusion in the primary Terminology and defi nitions 188 dentition 214 Numerical variations in the primary Prevalence of malocclusions in the primary dentition 188 dentition 214 Numerical variations in the permanent Space conditions 215 dentition 189 Malocclusion in the vertical plane 215 Syndromes involving congenitally missing Malocclusions in the sagittal plane 215 teeth 189 Malocclusions in the transversal plane 217 Treatment of children with missing teeth Treatment need and cost-benefi t for or hyperdontia 189 treatment of posterior cross bites 218 Morphologic abnormalities 190 Treatment of posterior cross bites 218 Odontomas 195 Occlusal development through the mixed to Background literature 196 permanent dentition 219 References 196 Front teeth 220
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