Pediatric Anesthesiology: A Comprehensive Board Review PDF
Preview Pediatric Anesthesiology: A Comprehensive Board Review
https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ PEDI AT R IC A NESTHESIOLOGY https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ PEDIATR IC A NESTHESIOLOGY: A COMPR EHENSIV E BOAR D R EVIEW EDITED BY Kai Matthes, MD, PhD Ellen Wang, MD ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANAESTHESIA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ANESTHESIOLOGY, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE ASSOCIATE IN PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY, MEDICINE PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE STANFORD, CALIFORNIA BOSTON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS T. Anthony Anderson PhD, MD Anjolie E. Laubach, MD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ANAESTHESIA HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL INSTRUCTOR IN ANAESTHESIA DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIA, CRITICAL HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL CARE AND PAIN MEDICINE ASSISTANT IN PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS PERIOPERATIVE AND PAIN MEDICINE BOSTON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 1 https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pediatric anesthesiology : a comprehensive board review / edited by Kai Matthes, Anjolie E. Laubach, Ellen Wang, T. Anthony Anderson. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–939834–8 (alk. paper) I. Matthes, Kai, editor. II. Laubach, Anjolie E., editor. III. Wang, Ellen, editor. IV. Anderson, T. Anthony, editor. [DNLM: 1. Anesthesia—Examination Questions. 2. Anesthetics—administration & dosage—Examination Questions. 3. Child. 4. Infant. WO 218.2] RD139 617.9′6083—dc23 2014018476 This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publisher do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ PREFACE Board certification in Pediatric Anesthesiology was estab- With more than 600 questions formatted according to lished in 2013 and provides this dynamic subspecialty with the new American Board of Anesthesiology standards, a mechanism to formally recognize expertise in periop- this text includes a comprehensive review of each subtopic erative care for pediatric patients undergoing surgical and in the content outline. Each answer discussion provides a diagnostic procedures. The field of Pediatric Anesthesiology thorough overview of the subject and includes key points continues to expand and now includes the subspecialties of after each question, which allows for efficient review of the chronic pain management and ultrasound-guided regional subject matter for rapid recall. Numerous figures and tables anesthesia. Individuals who practice this discipline must allow for efficient consolidation of key facts during review. complete a 4-year Anesthesiology residency followed by a 1- Furthermore, references after each answer discussion pro- to 2-year Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship. Additional vide readers with resources to major texts and seminal training in pediatric cardiac anesthesia, intensive care, papers on each subject matter. pain management, and regional anesthesia can be pursued We are grateful to our contributing authors for sharing as well. their expertise through the question-and-answer format This textbook was compiled as a high-yield study employed in this textbook. Their efforts have made this aid that will assist Anesthesiology residents, Pediatric project successful. We are also grateful for the support of Anesthesiology attending physicians, and certified regis- Drs. Paul Hickey and Mark Rockoff of Boston Children’s tered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) to rapidly consolidate Hospital, whose support and encouragement made this knowledge in the fundamentals of this specialty while pre- endeavor possible. We are also indebted to the staff at paring for written certification in anesthesiology, pediatric Oxford University Press, particularly Andrea Seils and subspecialty certification, and in the routine care of their Rebecca Suzan. patients. We hope that you find Pediatric Anesthesiology: The textbook follows the published American Board of A Comprehensive Board Review a valuable addition to the Anesthesiology Pediatric Anesthesiology certification con- materials used in preparation for the written certification tent outline. Major topics include basic sciences, organ-based examination as well as in the daily care of your patients. clinical sciences, subspecialties, and special techniques. v https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ CONTENTS Contributors ix 11. Genetics 289 Monica A. Hoagland SECTION I BASIC SCIENCE SECTION III CLINICAL SUBSPECIALTIES 1. Anatomy 3 Amber N. Borucki and Herodotos Ellinas 12. Fetal 325 2. Physics and Anesthesia Equipment 21 Matthew C. Wang James Peyton, Matthew C. Gummerson, 13. Neonatal 351 Radhamangalam J. Ramamurthi, Albert Yeung, Matthew C. Gummerson, Maria Irwin, Laura and Robert M. Brustowicz Leduc, and Jennifer Dearden 3. Pharmacology 42 14. Painful Disease States 401 Lauren R. Kelly Ugarte, Daniel Agne, and Aykut Bilge, Jason S. Lee, and Pascal Scemama Chul-Kyun Park de Gialluly 15. Otolaryngology 420 Daniel K. Broderick and Pacifico Tuason SECTION II 16. Plastic and Oral-Maxillary Facial Surgery 445 ORGAN-BASED BASIC AND CLINICAL Dusica Bajic SCIENCES 17. Ophthalmology 462 Aman Kalra, Tasneem T. Dohadwala, and 4. Respiratory System 79 Najma Mehter Anjali Koka, Elizabeth C. Eastburn, and 18. Orthopedic Surgery 475 Raymond Park Solmaz P. Manuel, Christine L. Mai, and Robert 5. Cardiovascular System 99 Brustowicz Audrius Zibaitis, Tomas Walsh, David A. August, 19. Trauma and Burns 489 Jamie Rubin, Vincent Collard, Hayden Nguyen, Scott Pritzlaff, and Annette Schure Cathie Jones 6. Central Nervous System 176 Ryan Palacio, Megan Clinton, Albert Yeung, SECTION IV Meredith Brooks, and Herodotos Ellinas 7. Gastrointestinal System 211 CLINICAL SCIENCE OF ANESTHESIA Luke S. Janik, Somaletha T. Bhattacharya, and Laura A. Downey 20. Evaluation of Coexisting Disease 509 8. Renal and Urinary System 237 Jacob T. Arnett and Chien-Hsiang Chow Amy E. Vinson 21. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Temperature Management 543 9. Endocrine/Metabolic System 249 Cornelius Sullivan and Robert M. Brustowicz Birgit Maass 22. Regional Anesthesia 553 10. Hematology/Oncology 266 Michael R. King, Nisha Kandiah, Patcharee Sriswasdi Karen Boretsky, and T. Anthony Anderson vii https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ 23. General Anesthesia 584 SECTION V Bryan M. Sabbe SPECIAL PROBLEMS OR ISSUES 24. Complications of Anesthesia 609 Andrew Infosino and Marla Ferschl 27. Professional Issues 655 25. Special Techniques and Situations 629 Solmaz P. Manuel and Christine L. Mai Raymond Park and Elizabeth C. Eastburn 28. Principles of Biostatistics and Study Design 664 26. Postoperative Period 639 Herodotos Ellinas and D. John Doyle Laura A. Downey, Herodotos Ellinas, and Aykut Bilge Index 681 viii • Contents https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/ CONTRIBUTORS Daniel Agne, DO Aykut Bilge, MD, PhD Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Instructor in Anaesthesia Pain Medicine Harvard Medical School Stanford University School of Medicine Associate in Perioperative Anesthesia and Assistant Stanford, California in Pain Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Richard Anderson, MD Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Boston, Massachusetts Pain Medicine Harvard Medical School Karen Boretsky, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Instructor in Anesthesia Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Jacob T. Arnett, MD Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Anesthesiology Boston, Massachusetts University of Kansas School of Medicine Wichita, Kansas Amber N. Borucki, MD Harvard Medical School David A. August, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Lecturer on Anesthesia Medicine Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Boston Children’s Hospital Pain Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Daniel K. Broderick, MD Boston, Massachusetts Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Dusica Bajic, MD, PhD Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School Assistant in Perioperative Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Meredith Brooks, MD, MPH Boston Children’s Hospital Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Boston, Massachusetts Management Stanford University Schools of Medicine Somaletha T. Bhattacharya, MD, FFARCSI Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Instructor in Anesthesia Stanford, California Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Harvard Medical School Robert M. Brustowicz, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School Senior Associate in Perioperative Anesthesia Vipul Bhimani, MD Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Department of Anesthesiology Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Wichita, Kansas Boston, Massachusetts ix https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/
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