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Pediatria Tratat Pediatrie PDF

294 Pages·2001·77.115 MB·Romanian
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P E D I A T R I E TRATAT Sub redoctio prof. DDr ;E: fill*'ffif[c ,oFU edifq I ITIE LUM EDITUMM EDIGATA BUTURE$2T0I,0 1 Cuprins PREFATA 11 PEDIATRIA LA h,ICEPI-IUL MILEMULTII TREI 35 EUGENP ASCALC 1OFU CAPITOLUL 1 PEDIATRIE SOCIAL{ ADRIAN GEORGESCU CAPITOLIJL 2 PEDIATRIE PREVENTIV^ 45 ADRIAN GEORGESCU 45 56 Profilaxia secundari El tertiarl 57 CAPITOLUL 3 DILEME ETICE iN PEDIATRIE CARMENC IOFU CAPMOLTJL 4 CRE$IERE ;r DEZVOLTaRE ADRIAN GEORGESCU CAPITOLI.IL5 NUTRITIE $I ALIMENTATIE 87 CARMENC IOFU Prlncipii de nutriFe Is sugar gl copil 87 Necesarudle aptr .......,.......... 8't Necesaruld e calorii (aportul enelgetic) 87 Necesarudl e proteine 88 Necesaruld e hidrali de carbon 89 Necesarudl e lipide ................ 89 Necesarudle electrolilgi i oligoelemen.t.e. ............................. 90 l\ecesiuudi e vltamine. ..........-. 92 Arimenta*gsa"* hi ;i Giilil;; :::::.......:...:.:....:....:.::.:.:..:...:...::..:..:::..::.::...::::: 93 laptelui uman lompoziEia 93 ggmqozjtiaf-o rmulelord e laptep enrrus ugari .................... 96 llpun de Ionnule pentrus ugari 98 Formuled e sult .............:......... " 99 Formuled e *"ti";; ..:...:" 99 Formules peciale. ................ _ 99 Diversificareaa limenta$ei 106 Tehnica alimentaliei copilului siubtos qi bolnav tu Alimentaliala s6n ................... 107 Alimentalia cu biberonul 108 Alimentalia cu lingurila 109 Alimentaliac u sondan azogashici. .........._............. 110 Alimentalia parenterall 111 t4 TRATAT DE PEDIAIRIE Nutri{ia qi alimentatia Scolarului gi adolescentului 112 DAN MORARU CAPITOLUL 6 TULBUR\RI DE NUTRITIE $I BOLI ASOCIATE 115 115 Malnutritia EMIL TOMESCU Importanla malnutriliei in patologia copilului ............... 115 Terminologie. Definirea conceptului. ..... .............. .... 115 116 Cauze de malnutrigie Aprecierea cantitativ6 a stfii de nutrilie a unui copil .....'.....'."" "' 117 117 Metode. ................. 118 Forme clinice de malnutrilie 1,20 Patogenia malnutriliei 123 Diagnosticul malnutritiei 124 Tratarnentul malnutriliei 126 Obezitatea CARMEN CIOFU Rahitismul $'Ei UdGezEvNo ltareao soasel a copil ................. 130 PASCAL CIOFU Rahitismul carenlial (comun) 134 CAPITOLT]L 7 1,43 BOLILE NOU.NASCUTALUI CARMEN CIOFU Eyaluarea nou-nascutului la naltere 143 143 Scorul Apgar Reanimarea- iou-niscutului in sala de nattere 744 14'7 Nou-niscutul cu risc .................. Nou-nascutul cu greutate mic6 la na$tere 148 148 Prematuritatea.. ...., 149 Dismaturitatea Prematurul cu greutate foarte micb la naqtere 150 Nou-niscutul cu greutate mare la naqtere (macrosomia) 152 153 Sindromul de postmaturitate 153 Asfi,xia perinatald Hemoragia m€ningocerebrali la nou'nflscut (HMC) ............. .. l)f Hemoragia meningocerebrala la prematuri 156 Hemoragia meningocerebraldla nou-nlscutul la termen ..........:..., " " " "' 158 159 Conwlsii neonatale Sindromul de itetresi respiratorie idiopaticl a nou'niscutului (troala mem- branelor hialine) .... .... .. ............ 161 MIRCEA NANULESCU -Crizeled e apnee. ................... 1'63 CARMENC IOFU Sindromul aspiratiei de meconiu 164 Infec{ia bacteriani perinatati 165 Infeciia virall perinatald 173 Boalai ncluziilorc itomegalic(eB IC) ................. 1'14 Rubeolac ongenitald.. ........................... '| 1A Infectia HIV 1'75 Infeciia cu virus herpetic 175 Infec[ia cu virusurile hepatitice 1'75 Alte infec$i transmise vertical ................. 176 Sifilisui congenital 1'76 Toxoplasmoiac ongenitale...-........ I7'7 -_---_ Enterocolitau lceronecrotici {EUN) $ocul neonata.l ......................._-..- 178 II.cfatrer'lr ul n€onatal 181 Icter-u-^l- -c1o^rmunu l oou-nar"uiuiu:" 182 r"t"*r nou-na."u;t;o"r#";o i i;;,; ;; i;;;; .......:............ 182 Icterulh emoliticp rin izoimunizarneir 6oata r,"*"ri't irli_"J ; ;;;;-. 184 curului, erifoblastoza fetaldI "a ,K'^e.t1in:,o-.pllah-t,.ip ranr i:nr ip,ir.pe 'm;na rtzuor;irtnaut(eRn iOr.pA. )#. . .............................. ..........:.................:...................:........ 118848 PPrr^ohlbahl^e me hL^e-^m. at^or^l o-:q-ice. . ...... 189 Pr^hl--^ *^.-.^,.^"- 190 193 CAPITOLUL 8 BOLILE APARAT:ULAIR ESPTRATO..R.. ................................. Dezvoltar€a 197 Y::1?t93::,lglt13J"li ;;;;trhi';"d;;;;; IOAN CERNATESCU " 19'/ Malformaliile aparatului respirator CARMENZ APUCIOIIJ 200 Infeclii ale ciilor respiratorii superioare IOAN MLINTEANO, ANA MARCINEAN 206 *Rlilnlfidtay iatlle rgic_dacut(dg utuniut,c odzad, nira acutd) 206 Rinita nealergicb 208 209 210 Angina acutd steptococica 212 Angina plaut-Vinc"* "- 212 -..-..... Olire 2t3 -^,rii I arino;re 214 Epiglotita. ...... ............ ........ 216 Cnrn'n ' ''' -' :' 217 pseudocrupur 217 C^ orpi. striini intrabrAon,,s"icgi it.^, oiJ,r"" d ;';'; ;;;'i ' ;;;;;;ilj .......::.........:.....2.1..8:... cenueNz hpuCioiu 221 Pneumonii .. ... . . .. MIRCEAN ANULE..il 222 Pneumolii bacteriene 226 PnenmAni; r,i""I- Pneumonia? ne.-""yJ; ;;il :......................:........:..........:.....:. 233 IO^cAuN- GHERCHINA 235 Supuratiib roCnAhRopMuElmzNAo pnaurc.e.r. o..i.u." "" '" 243 Brongiectazia Abceiulp ulmonar. .................. 243 Gangrenpau lmonar.a., ............... 245 Bofitef leurecf A..R...M...E..zN..A. .p..t.c..i.o..i.u..'. ..". ..... ' " 22447e Pleurezi.i. ......-..--. 249 249 Pleurezia purulentd (empiemul Dleural) 249 Pleu''m-^o,t^o-ra..x;ul 250 253 254 Hemotoraxu.l. --... 255 z& 262 266 274 ?77 279 280 280 llemosiderozpau lmonard(H P) .................................................:.... EUGENP ASCALC ]OFU Hemosiderozpau lmonardid iopatici (IPD ...-................. Hemosiderozap ulmonari primitivd cu hipersensibilitatela laptele de vacl (sindromulH einer). ................. Hemosiderozap ulmonardp rimitivi asociat{ cu miocardita Hemosiderozap ulmonardp rimitivi asociatl cu glomedonefriti aauttr (sin- drornul Goodpasture) CAPITOLIJL 9 BOI,ILE APA RATUL UI C ARDT OVA SCUL AR ................,... 281 Dezvoltarea prenatali a sistemului cardiovascular...... 287 CARMENC IOFU 287 Morfogenezi ......... Dezvoltarea sistemului de conducere intracardiac 291 Gene de morfogenezbE i factori de creEterea i cordului embrionar 291 Circulatiafe de ..................... 792 Circulatiap ostnatalE 292 Malformalii congenitaled € cord .......................... 293 CARMENC IOFU Epiderniologiar nalformaliilor congenitaled e cord 293 A, Comunicareaa normal5i ntre circulatia ssiisstteerrnniircl qi cea pulmonard( !unt stAnga-dreapta) 294 Defectul septal anial @SA) 294 Defectuls eptalv entricular( DSV) ................... 296 Canalula trioventricula(rC AV) (defectuls eptala trioventricular)....................299 Persistentcaa naluluia rterial( PCA) .................. 300 B, Anomalii ale tractuluid e ieEired in ventricululs teng .........-.......-. 302 Stenozaa ortici valvularh( SA)....... 302 Stenozaa orticds upravalvular(6S ASV) 9i sindromulW i11iams.....................3..0. 4 Coarctatiad e aortd( CoA). .... 306 Sindromul de cord sting hipoplasttc 308 U. Anomalii ale tractuluid e ieqired in ventricululd rept. ...................................3..09 Stenozap ulrnonariv alr,rrhd izolat[ (SP)......................... 3W Stenozar amurilor arterei pulnonare.. 310 Atrezia artereio u1monare,.......,..... 310 311 D, Anomalii ale valvelor atrioventriculare..... 314 .3t4 Malforma$i congenitalea le valvei mitrale Malformalii congenitalea le valvei tricugpide 315 E. OTr:i:g:irnyea:i- !a:n ocrmoamlEpa lmeaath rvil oars vearsmoe rga i ra(i rac.rttte reillo;rc; ;o;rdon are ...........:..._..:.....:.....:.3..1.7.. Itmrn:s,po"a!fa" ,c?ore"ct"ata" ai ;va;s;e"lo'6iblllTTlil lilli: ..::. : ::: 331179 _ts . Ay.ngormn3a laad neo irnmtoaalearc aefriveee rneoloacrs odpr uolnmaoren.a. r.e. ......::..::...:.....:.....:...:......"': .:.". ..": 332210 +nomaliap arlialdd e intoarcerev enoasip ulmonard....--........:........-. 322 9 Ayn4ompa"lia. tto't"al'd" d*eJ i;n"it'or:a"ircrte; rfef; u :.n:":r"fXf i^',"ii.*^.:*iil.:....:.................3.2:2..:. CardiologFLiaiOn RteINrvAe nPgINoTnEatina rratamentu"l" rf".rrrit,f_ ii,,i;;;i; ;dt;;;... 332257 ModalitdliC ^eAvRoMluEtivNe C pIrOecFoUce in cordul congenital operat la copil ......_................ 333 Trarcplantul de cord la copil 338 CARMEN CIOFU Hipertensiunea art€riali puhnonari ALEXANDRUG R]GORED MITRru 339 - iIl]tfr**:l:::il:::]:::ll a*:r:Jtel riati:,1ru3.r* m": onislae;dcrlu* ;n dag;r,aefir :dii-o:.p:a:.ti.ic.lo:o-rn" g,*elnlli.rTa..li.e.... .:.....:.......3..4:0::: *_Li1:1t]ln.u a-nedaldp ulmonardp rin afechre izoiarea paruiuiv ascuta. 343 pulmona.r. ............. Sindromuot" trip"rt"nriur""urt"ilt 344 ;;il;;; ;;ffi;il i; ;;;_;;;; . .. ..(sindr_opmerusli itencleiric ulalire.Ai "i..-..__..1.__...-..._..11 Arihniicardiace..............-.......... 345 :' NICoLAE IAGARU Arirnii fetale Pri:rcipalealreit rnii p"di"ili" .t.rilil;; ,:.:..:::..:..::..:......:.:.::.......:.::.... r Tahicardiis uprav"eun'atrti"c"u"l are I . Aritmii ventriculare._.----. ' 347 eo TSuintbdurorlarim dee_ cpoanrdriucc"he;"r ea ;i;mIilp;du,lis';u; lui(.i bl ioc*grif;"; il;;;;;.: . - J3J6O1 s^l.n .c oApraitv maisi ocdaerdpiarecsepo oas(itveoa pseorvaatogdalni l i.) b. .o..li.'.c.;.;.;.e..;.t".:i;-;".;-"':_t_"-"i.l" :":i.r."-ir-..J..-:i::.::::::::.:.:.:..::::::. 336669 NICOLAEI AGARU - 3'72 Endoc{rdltaI nfecfloas.t.r. ..........., rucslNp AscAL'ii6FU '' ' 376 Mlocardlte ALExANDcRRUid di$; ifti.itri: i;Niri Cciiiiiiriiietrn 382 Boala Kawasakl ' CARMECNr 6'iii 387 Pericardit.e. .......... ALEXANDGRirUcc iil';iil#iiiri:i ;ffi Ad$uiirid#..............3..9..1 Pericarditaec ute., ..................... Pericardirac onsrrictivd.. ....::.::. ' ' 391 rnf€cliaH rv.r t _afejt"r*; ilh.i"...........:...:...:...:...:.:...:......:.............3..9.7.:.:.:::.........:::. EUGENP ASCALC IOr,u 398 Prolapsul de vslvd mitrali (pVM) ................... - ALEXANDRUG IiIGORED IMTTRIU 401 Cardiomlo-p atiip rlrnitlve ............. EUGEpNA scti'CroFi;""' 405 Cardiomiopatii hipertrofice (CMH) .................. 405 diiatative rCMDI .. ulaarr{djolomniuoonpaatiti ia restrictivd (CMRI 408 Fibroetasroeznad ocardiciFa EEI1......::.::..:....::..:..:::..::.::......:..:...:..:... 411 Displaziaa rirnogenda ventricululudi. "pr ....:.::::.........::..:........:..::. 412 $^ ocul ln pediatrie 414 EUGENPA scALC' i6Fil 415 3 - Tratat de pediatrje 18 TRATAT DE PEDIATRIE Hipertensiunea arteriali sistenicd 42'l SILVIA MATASARU Insuficienfa cardiaci ............... 436 EUGEN PASCAL CIOFU Tumori cardiace 443 ALEXANDRU GRIGORE D]MITRIU Tumori cardiace benigne .,............... 443 Tumori cardiacem aligne. ................ 446 Sindromul rnor{ii subite a sugarului 44'7 GENGHZ MUSTAFA. MANUELA GROZAVU. ELENA MUSTAFA CAPITOLUL IO BOLILE APARATALUI DIGESTIV 453 A. GASTROENTEROLOGIE 453 D€zvoltarea prenatali a aparatului dig€s1iv..............:-. 453 DAN MORARU D€zvoltarea func(iilo1 digestive...,............ 455 DAN MORARU Malformatiile tubului digestiv 455 DAN MORARU Malforma$i congenitale ale esofagului Atezia esofagiani .............,,.................4..5 6 Fistula esotrahealiiz olati .................... ...............................4..5 7 Stenoza congenitalh de esofag 457 Duplicalia de esofag ................,r..-......r4. 57 Malformalii congenitalea le stomacului .....-...........................4..5. 8 Stenoza hiperlroficd de pilor 458 Malformalii congenitale ale duodenului ... 460 Atrezii duodenale ... 460 Stenoze duodenale .. . . . . . . . . : .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Duplicalli duodenale 461 Malformalii congenitale jejunoileale 46t Atrezia intestinuluis ubgire( ejunoileala)...................................................4..6..1...... Duplicaliilei ntestinuluis ublire. ................... 462 Malformalii congenitale ale colonului 462 Atreziile li stenozelec olonului 462 Atrezii anorectale ... 463 Boala Hirschprung ...............................4.,6 3 Patologie oralS - Stomatite 465 DAN MORARU Stomatita albicans 465 stomaritei nfectioa'" pirs"ri ..::..:::::.:.::..:....:..:..........::.:..:....:...............,..4..6.6.......... Stomatita qi gingivosto"rm atita acuti herpetici gi alte stomatite veziculoase ........ 466 Stomatita aftoasi (stomatita afto idd) .................. 46'1 Stomatite buloase 46'7 Stomatite din hemopatii maligne ................- 468 Stomatiteo dontiazice.. ........................ 468 Refluxul gastroesofagian.. .................. 469 DAN MORARU Gastritelec opiluld .....................................-......... 475 NICOLAEM IU Ulcerul gastroduodena..l. .................. 480 MCOLAE MIU Boala ulceroasdg astroduodena(luel ceretep rimare) 481 Ulcerul sastric 482 fllcerul duodenal cLeriz"iui;n;iu; ;lc;.err;osaislgef6f irHoa:r:o1J1, '.:: :.i. 11i""'". rurcesreec undarer 44883; ,",1fiffii:,,#f:i;l:::::::: *"":; ; ,:: ::: isf roAN GHERGHTNA;u, Mlil; M;'.; 490 Inboducere Patogeniaai at"el. ................... 49O crM"e,cainnis-m.e-lec_e tu*t-?e *0e[ ,p ffid""Ti#;.'l:T::iTiii:]:: 491 :lll"llll,lll. . ,g. ............................................. H:'J;tjl,J,,:",X'rlT:'i:.*-*' 4s7 I"fi:.iilj:l.f:j:ga*.J. i-"""" "a.. :....:..:................... ...:............ .....;.?..9.......:... " o Diarei vira1e.........................'- 512 o. DDiiaarreeie paad reaFzrimtairnea. .t.i. a. .". ..r.l.,.,.'.:". ." " "" "" .' " """ ... 553313 : fl,ffift,H*;.;1'J,""'*ii,6lL;_;;;;;;;;;;;;;i;;, ",.":d:. .;. i : tJl prlng r-es.elllir .r*" ..........................:....:..........:...:.........:.........:........... :. RDlaiTre*e a alersice ..._.. ;;1 " "' . Diareeac bliiorjlor ............_.. 536 capsarorteicnurlearroitncgoalr"eiur atar o .-u't"u"ii-;i .'r'"dd;i il. f-faii"l.;.*J"J iiiu*;ttu i ii;A; t\i metabolismului bazicla suga-rsuil c ooiludl ..-a.p ei," t"cr.of,Utili uciao_ .-. Sindromudl e deshldrataarec utd(, SaD=.A,.),. ..-................i................:.........-.-........_.._..-.................... ..5..3..8..... Irnteropatici ronice. ....,....-........... . 543 NrcoLAE MIU 550 Diarei severep relungire( DSp) Enieropati.ir oni"" r]pecin"" " " ' "' 550 -l Principidi e outu..ni .............. 553 ' II BAolearlag icaea tliiamc6sie A(rnBBEtcaRL)rT iA..E .G .. L.. . ..A o.. : . L. .r . ..E r.. . .SA. .. ..eA . ... N.. u . .. U.. n. " ."i. i' en -"u -b- l"i a" .Cv Ljvi'j\nuLC ii! rNr^er .n,Eil- ... 555656'670 Boala inflamatorie intestin;H..... vante srArutscu 572 t Colira ulceradvd{ CU) Boala Crohn fSCf ...................' 572 " Sindromul intestinului iritauii....' 576 MARrA STANESCU 582 ^si.n d,r oBm.u Bl cOoLlers AtaLtiEc F|CATULUI$: r ALE C--A.--T'LORB TLTARE. 588 t NICOLAE MIU 588 Colestazel€ U,. ugarului. .............. "3ja1T:",^-|li 593 MIRCEA STAMATE Hepatitan eonatalii nfectioasd. " ": ' I aHetp=a,tiitauan " e onaraletO ioplticar i :: *"_ *"",").....:....:........:.55.99:3.3.......:....:. "iiuiir;;&;dffir":i: Perforalia sp"oinlriaiin;d;a cailor b'il 594 norirtu." iiurui -..:.:-._:..:ll''" 594 MIRCEA STAMATE 595 Chistul de coledoc. .................... Colecistitaa cutEn ecalculoas.d.." "' " "' " 595 Coleliria2a.........................-......_-.'' s96 Hidropsul acut vezicular .._...-.. ' ' ' 596 596

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