Pedagogy of health in physical culture

2010·9.3 MB·English

by  Napierała, Marek Paweł

KazimierzWielkiUniversity,Bydgoszcz
NationalUniversityofPhysicalCulture,Lviv
PolishScientificAssociationofPhysicalCulture
Pedagogy of health
in physical culture
Editedby
MarekNapierala
MiroslawaSzark-Eckardt
AlicjaKostencka
RadoslawMuszkieta
Bydgoszcz-Lviv-Warsaw2010
SERIE
MonographNo.13/10
SCIENTIFICCOUNCIL
prof,drhab.WojciechPrzybylski(chairman,Bydgoszcz,Poland),prof,drhab.Janusz
Bielski(Warszawa,Poland),prof,drhab.PiotrBlajet(Torun,Poland),prof,drhab.Juriy
Bnskin(Lviv,Ukraine),prof,drhab.TomaszFrolowicz(Gdansk,Poland),prof,drhab.
Halina Gula-Kubiszewska (Wroclaw, Poland), prof, dr hab. Vlastimila Karaskova
(Olomouc,CzechRepublic),prof.zw.drhab.ViktorMishchenko(Bydgoszcz,Poland),
prof,drhab.RadoslawMuszkieta(Bydgoszcz,Poland),prof,drhab.MarekNapierala
(Bydgoszcz,Poland),prof,drhab.WladyslawPanczyk(Rzeszow,Poland),prof,drhab.
JerzyPospiech(Raciborz,Poland),prof.zw.drhab.EugeniuszPrystupa(Lviv,Ukraine),
prof,drhab.StamslawSawczyn(Bydgoszcz,Poland),prof,drhab.DanutaUmiastowska
(Szczecin,Poland),prof.zw.drhab.HryhoriyVasjanowicz(Lviv,Ukraine),prof,drhab.
MariuszZasada(Bydgoszcz,Poland),prof,drhab.med.WaleryZukow(Radom,Poland),
doc.drAleksanderSkaliy(Temopil,Ukraine),drMiroslawaSzark(Bydgoszcz,Poland)
REVIEWERS
Prof.zw.drhab.med.IrinaPietrovnaShmakova(Ukraine)
Prof,drhab.medWaleryZukow(Poland)
PUBLISHER
OsrodekRekreacji,SportuiEdukacji,Poznan
www.muszkieta.com
PRINTINGHOUSE
PerfektGauliwsp.sp.j.
60-321Poznan,ul.Swierzawska1
www.perfektdruk.pl
Printedmonographssupportedby
theKazimierzWielkiUniversityinBydgoszcz
CopyrightbyKazimierzWielkiUniversity,Bydgoszcz,2010
ISBN-978-83-62750-02-3
Content
Chapter1.
Educationandphysicalculture 5
Physicalpassivityofamodernman-achallengeforphysicaleducation
(WladyslawPanczyk) 6
Videotechnologyindidacticcommunicationwithinskieducation
(WojciechWiesner,PiotrKunysz,WojciechBieh,UrszulaSabat) 19
Physicalfitnessinchildrenwithimpairedvision
(MiroslawGorny,VlastaKardskova) 30
Verbalcommunicationofphysicaleducationteacher
(VlastaKardskova,MiroslawGorny,RadoslawMuszkieta) 44
Cyclingtourismasanattractiveformofaschoolofferofphysicaleducation
(BozenaKrdlikowska) 50
Teachers’disciplinaryintereactionsusedinappropriateeducationalareasonpupils
dependingonthesexoftheteachers
(PawelOchwat) 66
Influenceofanannualtraininginphysicaleducationonphysicalfitnessofthefirst
professionalprivates
(JacekThomas) 89
TouristeducationbasedonselectedmiddleschoolsyouthinWroclaw
(TadeuszFqk,AgnieszkaTrojan-Augustyn,AnitaKaik-Wozniak) 99
PhysicalrecreationofWroclawmiddleschoolyouth
(TadeuszFqk,AgnieszkaTrojan-Augustyn,AnitaKaik-Wozniak) Ill
Chapter2.
Sportandrecreation 122
Thepastandcurrentrankofphysicalactivityinthelifestyleofstudentsofthe
UniversityoftheThirdAge
(WladyslawMynarski,BoguslawaGraczykowska,
BozenaKrdlikowska) 123
Vegetarianism-changesandthreatsofmaintainingorganism’sgoodhealthinthe
lightofcontemporaryopinions
{JerzyEksterowicz) 135
Prevalence ofpain symptoms and range ofmotion inlumbosacral spine in
professionalathletes
{AnettaCubala,JciroslawHoffman,PawelMolski,WojciechHagner,
IzabelaStanczyk,MonikaKuczma) 144
Fingerlengthratio(2D:4D)asapredictorofpsychologicalaspectsofhuman
functioningandsportsactivity-researchreview
{PawelIzdebski,DominikBernatowicz) 157
Determinantsofsportsbestresultsinyoungfencers’opinion
{EwaKoprowiak,AlelcsandraLubczynska,BeataNowak) 167
Assessmentoflife-styleofstudentstourismandrecreationKazimierzWielki
UniversityinBydgoszcz
{AlicjaKostencka,HannaZukowska,JanMieszkowski) 178
TaiChiasafitnessserviceforWroclawCityinhabitants
{DorotaOpoka) 193
Swimmingasaformofphysicalactivitypromotedamongpeopleafterspinalcord
injury,participatingincampsorganizedbyFoundationforActiveRehabilitation
{GrzegorzSrokowski,IrenaBnlatowicz,UrszulaKazmierczak,
DariuszWitkiewicz,AnnaSrokowska,AgnieszkaRadziminska,
KatarzynaStrojek,MarcinSiedlaczek) 207
Thesocialphenomenonofmountainbike
{TomaszSahaj) 244
Thevaluesofrecreationalhorsebackriding
{KatarzynaSalamon-Krakowska,JacekGrobelny) 251
Flimalayaclimbingasaformofphysicalactivity-theoreticaldissertation
{AlicjaSidor,PiotrZarzycki) 261
Interventionsofthemountainrescue teams inmountaintrekkingtourism in
selectedmountainrangesofPoland
{PiotrZarzycki,AndrzejKwiatkowski) 273
4
Chapter
1.
Education
and physical culture
Physicalpassivityofamodernman
-achallengeforphysicaleducation
WladyslawPanczyk
RzeszowUniversity
Keywords:physicalpassivity,consumercivilization,developmentalandhealth
needs
Abstract
Commonreceptionofpost-modernmasscultureandconsumercivilization
inPolandhasitsverydangerous,delayed,effect.Lifebasedonthiscivilization's
patternsdoesnothelpfulfillthephysicalactivityandworkneeds,whicharevery
important for young organism's health and mental-physical development.
Observation ofthe realization ofcontemporary school aims, confirms that
consumerpatternsarefollowed.Schoolphysicaleducation-theonlyeducation
responsibleforpupils'somaticdevelopmentandhealth-despitegrowingnumber
ofhoursinaweek,fulfilsitsaimsonlypartly.Physicalpassivitysymptomsare
presentalsohere.Thatiswhyitissoimportanttonoticenegativeaspectsof
physicalpassivity.
Inthebeginningoftheninetiesofthelastcentury,HillelRuskin,writting
aboutEuropeanphysicaleducation,saidthatinpromotingphysicalactivityand
givingitthevalueofsocialnorm,thesyndromofnaturalpassivityofthehumanis
opposing(Ruskin1994).Today,afterseveralyears,onecanmostlikelyconfirm
thatthepassivityisanimportantandcommonelementofourlifestyle.
InPoland,wetendtojointhereasonsfortheexpansionofthephysical
passivitywiththesocio-politicaltransformations,andthedisseminationofthe
consumercivilization,withtheWestmassculturepatternsreception.Thenegative
socialconsequences ofmassculturepatterns andconsumercivilizationwere
pointedoutinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturybyBogdanSuchodolski
(Suchodolski1972)andJanSzczepariski(Szczepanski1981).Theyrecognizedthe
assistanceinspecificregulationofhumanneedsandpromotingthehorizontal
modelofhumandevelopmentashelp.
Szczepanski’s anthropological theory ofthe consumption dividedthe
humanneedsto:themainandsideneeds,defendingartificialsocialegalitarianism
byrejectingthelatter.Itwasnotpossible,inaccordancetothetheoryofKarl
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Popper„Historicismpoverty”, totransform society inthe name ofthe then
obligatorysocialengineering.Nostalgiaforthepossibilityofimplementingthe
sideneeds,hidtheunderstandingoftherisksarisingfromtheirmassexecution.
WarningsofB. Suchodolskiagainstconsumercivilizationhadnotthe
significanteffecteither.Hewrotethat„thesituationofpeople(inthiscivilization)
becomescomplicated,andtheirattitudetoliferevealsthetensionsandinternal
conflicts,thegapbetweenintentions andachievements increases, feelingsof
frustrationgrow,workbecomesboringandneutral,lifeseemstobetreatedasa
gardenofpleasure,butthepossibilityoffatigueovercomestheintensificationof
luck,alternatelyuseofstimulantsandsedativesreducescontactwithreality(....)
Despitethis,lifeshinesneonsignsandattractswiththepossibilities,forwhichyou
mustpaytheincreasedeffortinthestruggleforexistenceandrivalryofluxury”
(Suchodolski1972).
Passive mass culture trends in Poland are visible despite the pervasive
unemployment. Moreover, one cannotice, so called, ..unemployed lifestyle";
(KowalskiL,PlesniakR2001).Theiranalysisshowsthatmoreandmoreoftenwe
don'twantto,thenwecannotbeontheconsumermarketofwork.Thisisvery
often associated with, non-recognised as the negative phenomenon, physical
passivityandhasconsequencesintheformofconsumptiononcredit.Livingon
creditcreates,asaconsequence,personalandfamilydramas,whenitappearsthat
thelabormarketisruthless.Thefascinationwithmassconsumptionmaybea
transitional phenomenon. This at least what Kazimierz Obuchowski thinks
(Obuchowski 1966),who.inhisPsychologyofhumanaspirations,statedthat
fascinationwithmassconsumptionistypicalforthegenerationsgrowingoutof
poorness.
Whilethe fascinationwithconsumption, atleastinPoland,evenfor
economicreasonswillbemitigated,itisdifficulttothinksimilarityaboutthe
richercountries.Consumerismisbasedmainlyonmultiplicationofneeds,creation
of,,artificialneeds”,takingasanexamplethedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.
EuropeanslivingintheUnited Statesclearlynoticethehorrifyingpowerof
conformitydirectingmoralityandmentallifestronger,thenthepolicepower.This
isamadadvertisingtechnique.Thefactisthattheemergenceofnewneedsisa
conditionforsocialprogress(Kolakowski2000),itisdifficultindeedtodistinguish
theexactneeds,andmore,toestablishasetofrealhumanneedsonapermanent
basis,butthisisnotareasonnottodistinguishbetweentheneedscompletely.
LeszekKolakowski, (Kolakowski 2002) openingthe 60. Congress of
PolishSurgeonsinWarsaw,saidthat:„Wcareinphaseofuncontrollablehimger.
Wemighthaveenoughwisdomtorecognisethatthisisadisease,nooneknows
thecurethough.If,however,wewillnothaveenoughwisdom,thismaybealethal
disease.”Consumption,whichyetintimeofFlorianZnanieckiwasthe„sphereof
privacy”Hasnowbecomeanideology.Itisactuallytreatedasavalueinitself.The
highlevelofluxuryconsumptionisputalmostattheheadofthehierarchyof
values(Melosik1999).AsZygmuntBaumanwrites,thespendingofmoneyis
regardedasoneofthemostimportantresponsibilities,andfreedomisequatedwith
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thefreedomtoconsume(Bauman 1991). Consumerismtakesoversociallife
completely,itisacriterionofprogressandsuccessofindividualsandsocieties.
Younggenerationsarebroughtupintoconsumerworld.Theoryof„realhuman
needs”completelyfailed(Baudrillard1976),therefore,theconsumersocietyisnot
criticized(Kolakowski2002).
Symptomsofpost-modernconsumerculture
American mass consumer culture patterns are visibly supported by
Europeanpostmodernculture.Originatoroftheconceptof..post-modernism".Z.
Baumanwritesthatpostmoderncultureisapermanentcarnival,colorfulshort-
lastingfashions,excessofinformation,disintegrationofhumanidentity7(Bauman
1991).ZbyszkoMelosiksupportsBauman(Melosik1999),consumptionasaway
oflife,thesocjetyofspectacle,advertisingthatchangeshumanidentitythroughthe
shapingoftheirrequirementsandthestandardizationoftastes.
Post-modern culture and consumerism are broadly characterized by
hazardoustohumanhealthandthedevelopmentphenomena.Theseare:
• theuncontrolledgrowthoftechnologyandinformationmedia
• isolationofmanfromnature,
• diverseandsignificantdecreaseinphysicalactivity.
Technology,foryears,asymbolofprogress,changesthereality7ofourtimein
technopol.NeilPostmanwritesthattheideaofthehumanityprogressHasbeen
replacedbytheideaoftechnicalprogress.Thetechniquebecomesalmostagod
(Postman1995).Fascinatedbytechnicalfacilitationoflife,webecomeuncritically
hypokinetic,becausetechnology isthe symbolofamodern andfashionable
consumption,andphysicalactivity,onthecontrary,weassociatewiththedifficult
accesstoconsumergoods.Thetechniqueundoubtedly'makeshumanlifeeasier,
butposesaseriousthreattohealthanddevelopment.„Man-saysAstrand’t-just
liketheanimals,wasprogrammedtomove-toworkinthenaturalenvironment”
[Skinneretal., Future Directions Exercise and Sports Science Research], In
paralleltothereductionofphysicalworkbytechnicalfacilities,contemporaryman
is constantly attacked by the excess ofinformation media. Media, tools of
unnecessary and needed information, create, by their variety and ubiquity,
the.,chilizationofshoutandadvertising”(Zyciriski2000),andalargepartoftheir
productis”serachofspiritualityforneurotics”.Lostintheoverloadofinformation,
advertisementsandadviceinallareasoflife,comingfromthemedia,weundergo
ananxiety,fearandstressfeelings.
Another worrying phenomenon is the isolation of man from the
environment. U.S. doctors have found several years ago that environmental
problemsareonlythebeginningofevil,thatisresultingfromisolationfrom
nature.„Theessenceofthecurrentthreatsarenotdestroyedforests,poisoned
waantder,HbPu.ttShaentdmiisrreuptsitoanteidntthheatmu„lTthi-efaAcmeteerdichaunmasnchpiszyocphher”e-niwaroitset1.heMorletsumlatnno,f
opposinganatureandtechnicalcivilization.”Asimilaropininionwaspresentedby
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theprofessorofspatialplanningandlandscapearchitectureI.L.MeHarg„Today
theonlyplaceintown,inwhichamanandnatureareinclosehannony,isthe
cemetery"(Barbour1979).StanislawZfyba(Zicba1998)fromCatholicUniversity
torfeLndusblipnutsahiidmthaatwa..y.thferommanthheasrolootsstaofsehnissedoefviedleonptimteyntwit-hnnaattuurree.,cPiavuillizHaetritozn
(JanowskaK.,MucharskiP.1999)definesthepresenttimesasthefearofnature
times. Solutionformanis, ofcourse, atleastpartialreturntonature. This
comeback,however,isnotsoeasy,becausetrialsofsocialisationtothenatureare
oftenrealizedbymeansspecifictothetechnicalcultureandcivilization.Jozef
Lipiec(Lipiec 1995)predictsthatinthefuturewewillbeforcedtocombine
physicalandenvironmentalcultureinthedirectionof"naturalculture",andevenin
thefaceofpostmodernthreatsforthefuture"cultureoflife".
Isolationoflifefromnatureispartofthebroaderphenomenon-antonimy
betweennature andculture,whichextends itselfalongwiththe postmodern
consumer civilization creating cause ofmany diseases. "Illness - Stanislaw
Grochmalwrites-istheresultofhumanmistakes,istheresultofmisunderstanding
oftheirroleinnature,insufficientknowledge oftheirownbody, itsneeds,
includingthosecarriedoutunderacontactwithnature.Worldofmaterialrealityis
vasttreasury'ofbuildingmaterialsfortissuesandorgansofourbodyandthe
sourceofenergy,aconditionforaconstantbiologoicaltransformationinthebody
system.Comprehensivestudiesofnatureanditsprinciplesharmoniouslyunifying
alllivingspecies,willallowtheuseofthisknowledgetomaintainandincreasefull
health.Wemustnotdestroythenaturalsourcesoflifeandbreakawayfromthe
commonroots,whichprovideconsistentcoexistenceItisimportantforustoknow
themechanismsthatmaintainabalancebetweenthehumanbody'sbiological
processesandphenomenaofnaturesurroundingit,andskillfuluseofitshealth
features."(Grochmal1987).
TheimpactofnatureonthehealthhasbeendescribedbyHippocratesfour
hundredyears before Christ. The modemman often despitepossessingthis
knowledge,beingundertheinfluenceofcivilizationtrends,deliberatelyisolates
himselffromnature.Thereasonsforthisisolationisprobablynotonlytheclosed
interiorslifestyle,inwhichamancreatesthebestpossibleforhiswickedbody
conditions,suchasconstant,hightemperature,lackofsurprisesinclimate,etc.,but
aboveall,thepossibilityofbeingphysicallypassive.Seatingpositionofthebody-
asymbolofconsumerlifestyleofmodemman-isinseparablefromaclosedroom.
Physicalactivity,accordingtoNapoleonWolanski(Wolanski1995),unitesman
withnatureanditistodayoneofthefewfonnsofcontactbetweenhumanandhis
environment,partofitsnicheinthenaturalandsocialenvironment.
Themovementandimmobilityversusthedevelopmentandhumanhealth
Thisstrongnegativeevaluation,intermsofdevelopmentandhumanhealth,ofthe
technologyspreadingphenomena,mediainvasionandisolationfromnature,isjust
apartofthedangers.Themostdangerousphenomenonseemstobeasubstantial
reductioninhumanphysicalactivity.
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"Themovementisabiologicalneedofanimalsandhumans,itisthebasis
ofelementaryphysicalandmentalhealth-HalinaSzwarcwrotefortyyearsago.In
organismswithnophysicalactivitypathologicalprocessesbegin,theorganisms
getillandoldquickly.Thisisaresultofthemusclesfunctionthattheyperformin
themetabolismoftheentiresystem.Themuscles’workandmovementarenot
onlythefactorsnecessarytomaintaintheefficiencyandfitnessofadults,butalso
theseareveryimportantfactorsinthedevelopmentofthegrowingorganism.
Growthanddevelopmentisnotamechanicalprocessthatusesnutritionand
assimilation.Forpropergrowth,andrightsynthesisoflivingmatterproccess,itis
necessarythatassimilationanddisimilationproccessesaregoingoneafteranother,
animationandbrakingphases,workandrecreation.Theseprocessesmaynotbe
correctinsituationoflackofmovementorlimitedactivity"(Szwarc1979).
Thishighrateofphisicalactivityisnotleftalone.WieslawRomanowski
andA. Eberhard (Romanowski, Eberhardt 1972)confirmit,writtingthatthe
movementwillimprovemorphofunctionallytissuesandorgans.Immobilitycauses
lossofactivetissueandmuscles,nerves,internalorgans,reducestheflowof
oxygen,slowdownthemetabolism.Thelackofactivityduringthegrowthof
organism causes its inhibition, discordantdevelopmentofthe body (posture
defects),otherconsequencesofpsycho-physicaldisability.Negativelyaffectsthe
developing skeleton. Immobility causes irreversible changes in the form of
connective tissue excess, kalogen deposition and other deposits that cause
degenerationofthebone-jointandinternalorgans.Lackofphysicalactivityand
physicalworkacceleratesinvolutionbyreducingmetabolism,increasedexcretion
ofcalcium,phosphorus,potassium,nitrogen,sodium.Therearcsignsofatrophyof
tissuesandorgans,suchasreducingthevolumeoftheheart,acleardeclinein
physicalcapacity-areductionoflivingstandardsandamaximumcapacityofthe
lungventilation.Thereisanincreasingincidenceofheartcrampsaftereffort,even
atrest,conditionedbyadecreaseinthevolumeofremorseheart,increasesthetime
neededtoreturntothestatepriortocardiacfatigue.Thisreducesthevolumeof
bodyfluids-bloodandhemoglobin,extracellularfluid.
AccordingtoHenrykKunski(Kunski1987),lackofmovementhindersthe
rationaluseoffood,promotesobesityandcausesmedicaltreatmentmoredifficult,
impairperipheralbloodcirculation,weakensthemusclesandtendons,increases
theriskofdamagetothejoint,decreasingresistancetotheeffortsofeverydaylife.
WieslawRomanowski(Romanowski1973),comparingtheratesofheart
size(comparisonofheartweighttototalbodyweight),hasprovedthatthehearts
ofthepeoplelivingpassivelyisphysicallysmaller,inrelationtotheheartsof
peopleworkingintenselyandphysicallyactive.Similarlytotheheartsofanimals
livingatlargeandclosedtothetermsofthehumancivilization.Activemenless
oftenreachedforcoronaryarterydisease,theyareeasiertoproducecompensatory
circulationintheheartandandthusbemorelikelytoexitfromaheartattack,
greaterresistancetocancer,asmoderateexerciseincreasestheamountofimmune
proteinsintheblood.Activitypreventsnightmareofcivilization: obesityand
diabetes.„Motorliberation”-thevoluntarysubmissiontophysicalworkormotion
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