Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia 1900 -1950: A Study of the Development of Yugoslav Peasant Society as Affected by Education PDF
Preview Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia 1900 -1950: A Study of the Development of Yugoslav Peasant Society as Affected by Education
The International Library of Sociology PEASANT RENAISSANCE IN YUGOSLAVIA 1900-1950 Founded by KARL MANNHEIM The International Library of Sociology - HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY In 9 Volumes I America: Ideal and Reality Stark II British Social Work in the 19th Century Young et al III Farewell to European History Weber IV A History of Autobiography in Antiquity Part One Mitch V A History of Autobiography in Antiquity Part Two Mid VI Men of Letters and the English Public in the 18th Century Beljame VII New Trends in Education in the 18th Century Hans VIII Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia 1900 - 1950 Trouton IX Sociology of the Renaissance Von Martin PEASANT RENAISSANCE IN YUGOSLAVIA 19004950 A Study of the Development of Yugoslav Peasant Society as Affected by Education by RUTH TROUTON First published in 1952 by Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd Reprinted in 1998 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Printed and bound in Great Britain 0 1952 Ruth Trouton AI1 rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in The International Library of Sociology. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies we have been unable to trace. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Peasant Renaissance in Yugoslavia 1900-I 950 ISBN O-415-17612-3 Historical Sociology: 9 Volumes ISBN O-415-17825-8 The International Library of Sociology: 274 Volumes ISBN O-415-17838-X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THANKS are due to the Librarian of the Foreign Office for permitting the publication of Appendix A. Also to the Bedford Press for allowing me to make use of a map published in Partisan Picture, by Basil Davidson. I am deeply grateful for the guidance of the late Professor Karl Mannheim, Dr. Edward Shils, Professor Ginsberg and especially of Professor David Mitrany in the planning and development of the subject-matter. I am greatly obliged to Mr. H. W. Hodges for his helpful criticisms on the wording of the text. Warm thanks are also due to many Yugoslav friends, both in Yugoslavia and in England, who have so generously assisted me in the collection of the information I needed. GLOSSARY Agronom agricultural expert Akcija selo-grad village and town mutual aid Ban county governor Banovina county Cadi Turkish judge Charshija Turkish market ; corrupt financial and commercial interests Chetnik member of a ‘ theta’ (band) : Serbian inter-war nationalist organisation : term applied to Mihaylo- vitch’s guerillas Chovek man Choystvo manliness Dom home Dom Kultura cultural centre Domachitsa house-wife, hostess Domobranstvo army of Pavelitch’s Independent State of Croatia Drug, drugovi comrade(s) Gospodi, gospoda plural of ‘gospodin,’ gentleman Gospodar head of a Croatian zadruga Gospodara hostess Gospodarska Sloga economic branch of Croat Peasant Movement Guslar player on the ‘gusle,’ one-stringed Serbian musical instrument Hayduk nationalist rebel and bandit in Turkish territory Kafana coffee-house Knez, kneievi chief(s), prince(s) Komita committee Komitadjee committee member (lit.) : nationalist guerilla Kotar county Kum godfather Kumstvo godparenthood Matura matriculation; mala matura, junior matriculation Moba labour given by neighbours at harvest, etc. Narod the people Narodne Pesme National Songs. Anonymous folk-songs and ballads composed between fourteenth and nineteenth centuries Neymar head of a group of pechalbars Obraz cheek (lit.) : honour Odbor committee Odbornik committee member, referring especially to National Liberation and People’s Committees vii . . . VI11 GLOSSARY OkuEnica home-plot Opanka peasant shoe Opshtina commune, municipality, local government unit Pechalba custom of journeying in small groups to find work Pechalbar member of such a group Planishtar herdsman who takes livestock to mountain pastures Pobratimstvo oath-brotherhood Prechani people from across the river (lit.) : Serbs from Voyvodina etc. Prela spinning bee Raya Turkish name for subjected Christians Seljachka Sloga cultural branch of Croat Peasant Movement Shiptar Albanian Shljivovitsa plum spirits Shpekulanti speculators, opponents of Five Year Plan Skupchina Croatian zadruga SkupStina Parliament Slava Serbian festival celebrating family patron saint Sokol Slav gymnastic organization started in Czechoslovakia Sporazum agreement Spr-93 loan of working animals between peasant neighbours Srez district Stareshina head of a Serbian zadruga Trg Slav market TroSarina octroi, market entry-tax UstaHi followers of Pavelitch. terrorist Croat nationalists Zadruga peasant communal household : Serbo-Croat translation of Co-operative : loosely used of Peasant Working Co-operative (Seljachka Radna Zadruga) Zelenashi money-lenders CONTENTS Pagev ACKNOWLEDGMENTS GLOSSARY vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION I BOOK ONE YUGOSLAV PEASANT SOCIETY I goo- I g I 4 I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF YUGOSLAV PEASANT SOCIETY ‘3 PART I. PURE PEASANT SOCIETY II. REASONS FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE ‘PURE’ TYPE OF YUGOSLAV PEASANT SOCIETY 18 (a) Lack of Communications and Consequent Isolation fi.om the West. (b) The Turkish Domination. (c) Austro- Hungarian Rule. (d) Digression on Serbian and Croatian Characteristics. III. PEASANT HOUSEHOLD AUTONOMY 26 (a) South Slav Kinship. (b) The xadruga. (c) Injluence of xadruga Prevalence on South Slav Character. IV. VILLAGE AUTONOMY 34 (a) General Organization of Village Socieb. (b) Economic Co-operation in the Village. (c) The Survival of Village Autonomy. V. SUPRA-VILLAGE PEASANT RELATIONS 43 (a) The Church as the Rallying-point for Anti-Turkish Sentiment. (b) Nomads in Peasant Society. (c) Hayduks: Their Popularip a Criticism of Central Government. ix x CONTENTS PART II. MIXED PEASANT SOCIETY AT MARKET-TOWN PHASE VI. YUGOSLAV NON-PEASANT SOCIETY Pw 50 (a) Categories of Yugoslav Towns. (b) The Tsintsars. (c) Backwardness of Industrial Development. (d) Growth of a 3vative O&al Class. (e) Genesis of the Mercantile CZa.ss. (f) The Fashion for Westernization. (9) The Ferment of JVationalistic Iieas : (I) Austrianizers, (2) Hungarianizers, (3) Slav Westernisers, (4) Slav Autonomists. VII. INFLUENCE OF MARKET-TOWNS ON PEASANT SOCIETY 68 (a) The Peasants and the Land. (b) Household Autonomy: Break-up of the zadrugas. (c) Changes afecting Village Autonomy : (I) Development of Bureaucracy; (2) Begin- nings of Afational Parties; (3) Di$rentiation within the Village. (d) Relations of Peasants with .Non-Peasant Society. PART III. PEASANT EDUCATION VIII. PEASANT SELF-EDUCATION 83 (a) In ‘Pure’ Peasant Society. (b) In ‘Mixed’ Peasant Society. IX. MOTIVES OF NON-PEASANT SOCIETY IN UNDER- TAKING PEASANT EDUCATION 87 (a) Education as a Public Responsibility. (b) Religious Bodies and Peasant Education. (c) Philanthropic and Humanist Groups. (d) Nationalist and Political Motives. (e) Practical afotives; Weakness characteristic of Yugo- Slav Educational Policy. X. NON-PEASANT SOCIETY’S PROVISION OF PEASANT EDUCATION 98 (a) Institution of Universal Elementary Education. (b) Character of Pearant Elementary Education: (I) Length and Curriculum of Schooling; (2) Teachers and School Organitation. (c) Peasants and Post- Elemental-y Education. XL CONSEQUENCES OF FORiMAL PEASANT EDUCATION ‘09 (a) Efect on Peasant Family. (b) Effect on Village Society. (c) Effect on Peasant Society as a Whole. (d) In- jluence of Education on the Genesis of New Social Classes.
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