Pearson Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Lab Book: Lab Book

26 Pages·2018·1.287 MB·English

by  Pearson

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© PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL
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Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL.
www.pearsonglobalschools.com
Copies of official specifications for all Pearson Edexcel qualifications may be
found on the website: https://qualifications.pearson.com
8 Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018
1
0 Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
n 2 Edited by Katharine Godfrey Smith, Helen Payne and Stephanie White
o Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
s Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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a Cover design © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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© The rights of Carl Howe and Nigel Saunders to be identified as authors of this
rt. work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
a and Patents Act 1988.
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r i The Publishers would like to thank Mark Woods for his contributions to the text.
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e First published 2018
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o British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
uti A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ri ISBN 978 1 292 24471 6
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di Copyright notice
or All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or
n by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic
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cul accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
cir 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
e, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications
al for the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to the
s publisher.
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r Printed in Slovakia by Neografia
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ot f Acknowledgements
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n. All artwork © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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eti AW hniolet eth fero Pmu bthliseh perusb hliasvhee rms:ade every attempt to ensure that advice on the
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sc qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and
di associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of
r information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance. Pearson
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h examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to
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bli examination papers for which they have responsibility. Examiners will not use
u this resource as a source of material for any assessment set by Pearson.
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at Neither Pearson, Edexcel nor the authors take responsibility for the safety
e of any activity. Before doing any practical activity you are legally required to
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n carry out your own risk assessment. In particular, any local rules issued by
a your employer must be obeyed, regardless of what is recommended in this
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c resource. Where students are required to write their own risk assessments they
o must always be checked by the teacher and revised, as necessary, to cover any
ct t issues the students may have overlooked. The teacher should always have the
e final control as to how the practical is conducted.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
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1 CORE PRACTICALS OVERVIEW 3
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o PAPER 3 PRACTICAL SKILLS 4
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art. 1 MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS 6
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r i 2 DETERMINATION OF THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION USING HESS’S LAW 9
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h 3 FINDING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID 13
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n i 4 PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SOLUTION FROM A SOLID ACID AND ITS USE TO FIND
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uti THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE 16
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dist 5 INVESTIGATION OF THE RATES OF HYDROLYSIS OF SOME HALOGENOALKANES 19
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n 6 CHLORINATION OF 2-METHYLPROPAN-2-OL WITH CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC
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ati ACID 22
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ci 7 OXIDATION OF PROPAN-1-OL TO PRODUCE PROPANAL AND PROPANOIC ACID 25
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es 8 ANALYSIS OF SOME INORGANIC AND ORGANIC UNKNOWNS 1 31
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ot f 9A FOLLOWING THE RATE OF THE IODINE–PROPANONE REACTION BY A TITRIMETRIC
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METHOD 34
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r 10 FINDING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF A REACTION 42
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at 12 INVESTIGATING SOME ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 49
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a 13A REDOX TITRATIONS WITH IRON(II) IONS AND POTASSIUM MANGANATE(VII) 52
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ct t 13B REDOX TITRATIONS WITH SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND IODINE 55
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u 14 PREPARATION OF A TRANSITION METAL COMPLEX 58
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INTRODUCTION
Practical work is central to the study of chemistry. The International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level (IAS/IAL)
specification includes 16 core practical activities that link theoretical knowledge and understanding to practical
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1 scenarios. By completing the core practical activities, you will learn to:
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n • follow and interpret experimental instructions, covering a range of laboratory exercises throughout the course,
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rs with minimal help from your teacher
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P • manipulate apparatus, use chemicals, carry out all common laboratory procedures and use data logging (where
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rt. appropriate)
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p • work sensibly and safely in the laboratory, paying due regard to health and safety requirements
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r i • gain accurate and consistent results in quantitative exercises, and make the most of the expected observations in
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By the end of this course, you should be able to use a variety of apparatus and techniques to:
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n i • design and carry out both the core practical activities and your own investigations
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uti • collect data that can be analysed
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st • use data to draw valid conclusions.
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n o Your knowledge and understanding of practical skills and activities will be assessed in all examination papers.
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ati • Papers 1 and 2 (IAS), and 4 and 5 (IAL) will include questions based on practical activities, including novel scenarios.
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c • Papers 3 (IAS) and 6 (IAL) will test your ability to plan practical work, including risk management and selection of
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s Assessment for the Practical Skills Papers 3 and 6 will focus on four main areas:
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or • independent thinking
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n. • numeracy and the application of mathematical concepts
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eti • use of apparatus and equipment.
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r The ways in which you can demonstrate these practical skills are outlined in the tables on pages 4 and 5. You may
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u You will find answers and maths skills required for the practicals in the back of the book.
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CORE PRACTICALS OVERVIEW
8 UNIT 1 (IAS): FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
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2 1 Measurement of the molar volume of a gas
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art. UNIT 2 (IAS): REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS 1, 2 AND 7
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e 4 Preparation of a standard solution from a solid acid and its use to find the concentration
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uti 5 Investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes
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n 7 Oxidation of propan-1-ol to produce propanal and propanoic acid
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e, UNIT 4 (IAL): KINETICS
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s 9a Following the rate of the iodine–propanone reaction by a titrimetric method
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o 9b Investigating a ‘clock reaction’ (Harcourt–Esson, iodine clock)
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n. 10 Finding the activation energy of a reaction
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e 13a Redox titrations with iron(II) ions and potassium manganate(VII)
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of, 16 Preparation of aspirin
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PAPER 3 PRACTICAL SKILLS
Practical skills Core Practical
8 Independent thinking in a practical context 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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2 Solve problems set in a practical context
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PAPER 6 PRACTICAL SKILLS
Practical skills Core Practical
8 Independent thinking in a practical context 9a 9b 10 11 12 13a 13b 14 15 16
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2 Solve problems set in a practical context
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a 9a 9b 10 11 12 13a 13b 14 15 16
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CORE PRACTICAL 1: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS
1.11
Procedure
Objectives
1 Set up the apparatus to capture and measure gas evolved from a reaction
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1 ● To find the volume of one mole
0 in the boiling tube.
n 2 2 Place 30 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid in the boiling tube. of carbon dioxide gas
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a 3 Place approximately 0.05 g of calcium carbonate in a test tube. Weigh the
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rt. 4 Remove the bung from the boiling tube and tip the calcium carbonate into ● stand and clamp
a ● bung fitted with delivery tube
p the boiling tube. Quickly replace the bung in the boiling tube.
n to fit boiling tube
or i 5 Once the reaction is over, measure the volume of gas produced. ● water bath for gas collection
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ol 6 Reweigh the test tube that contained the calcium carbonate. ● 100 cm3 measuring cylinder
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w 7 Repeat the experiment six more times, increasing the mass of calcium ● 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
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n i carbonate by about 0.05 g each time. Do not exceed 0.40 g of calcium ● test tube
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uti carbonate. ● mass balance (2 d.p.)
b ● 1 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid
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dist Learning tips ● powdered calcium carbonate
or ● Ensure that points plotted on a graph take up more than half the available
n ! Safety
o space on each scale. Axes must occupy at least half of the space on the
ati graph paper. ● Wear eye protection.
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c ● Remove the bung if the
r ● Keep scales simple: one large square as 5 or 10 or 20 is ideal. A scale where
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e, one large square represents 3 or 7 units (or similar) is very difficult to plot delivery tube gets blocked,
al clear the blockage and repeat
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r ● Always consider whether the graph line should go through the origin.
o ● Avoid skin contact with the
ot f ● Straight lines should be drawn with the aid of a ruler long enough to cover ethanoic acid, especially if the
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n. the full length of the line. skin is broken or sensitive.
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eti Results (Use this space to record your results.)
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CORE PRACTICAL 1: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS
1.11
Analysis of results
1 Plot a graph of mass of calcium carbonate (on the x-axis) against volume of carbon dioxide
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0 collected (on the y-axis). Draw a straight line of best fit – this line must pass through the
2
n origin.
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all the number of moles of calcium carbonate in 0.25 g and hence calculate the volume of one
of, mole of carbon dioxide gas in dm3.
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CORE PRACTICAL 1: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS
1.11
Questions
1 Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid, CH COOH, and calcium carbonate.
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2
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art. 2 Why is it more accurate to find the mass of the calcium carbonate used by weighing the test tube containing the
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or i by weighing the empty test tube at the start?
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eti 4 What change to the procedure/apparatus could you make to eradicate this error?
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