Peace Research and Peacebuilding: Peace Research and Peacebuilding

156 Pages·2014·1.4 MB·English

by  Chadwick F Alger (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS ON PIONEERS IN SCIENCE
AND PRACTICE  TEXTS AND PROTOCOLS 9
Chadwick F. Alger
Peace Research
and Peacebuilding
SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice
Texts and Protocols
Volume 9
Series Editor
Hans Günter Brauch
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Chadwick F. Alger
Peace Research
and Peacebuilding
1 3
Chadwick F. Alger
Department of Political Science
and Mershon Center
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
ISSN 2194-3125 ISSN 2194-3133 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-00502-7 ISBN 978-3-319-00503-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00503-4
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938032
© The Author(s) 2014
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I dedicate this volume to the International
Peace Research Association (IPRA). When I
first attended an IPRA conference in Sweden
in 1977, I began to learn that attaining peace
requires overcoming conditions that prevent
people from overcoming different conditions
that prevent them from having normal
human lives around the world. Therefore,
world peace requires cooperation among
governments, and civil society organiza-
tions, who have different definitions of peace.
Ever since that time, members of IPRA from
around the world have provided me with the
knowledge that I must have in order to have
a useful vision of a peaceful world, and the
knowledge that I need in order to develop
useful strategies for achieving it
Books by the Same Author Published
by Springer
Vol. 7: Chadwick Alger: Pioneer in the Study of the Political Process and on NGO
Participation in the United Nations. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and
Practice No. 7 – presented by Carolyn Stephenson (Cham – Heidelberg – New
York – Dordrecht – London: Springer-Verlag, 2014).
Vol. 8: Chadwick F. Alger: The UN System and Cities in Global Governance.
SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice No. 8. Subseries Texts and
Protocols No. 3 (Cham – Heidelberg – New York – Dordrecht – London: Springer-
Verlag, 2014).
The cover photograph is of the bronze sculpture “Let Us Beat Our Swords into
Ploughshares” that was created by Soviet artist Evgeny Vuchetich, and presented
to the United Nations on 4 December 1959 by the Government of the USSR. The
sculpture, depicting the figure of a man holding a hammer aloft in one hand and
a sword in the other, which he is making into a ploughshare, is meant to sym-
bolize man’s desire to put an end to war, and to convert the means of destruction
into creative tools for the benefit of mankind. It is located in the North Garden
of the United Nations Headquarters. This photo was taken on 1 October 2001 at
the United Nations, New York. Source: UN Photo # 119163 by Andrea Brizzi.
Permission is generally granted for scholarly, academic, and non-profit use and
free of charge for the following UN photos of the UN landmark building; general
views of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social
Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice; and pho-
tos of UN peacekeepers in action.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction: Peace Research and Peacebuilding ................. 1
2 The Quest for Peace: What Are We Learning? ................... 5
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 5
2.2 Peacekeeping ........................................... 8
2.3 Humanitarian Intervention ................................. 13
2.4 Self-Determination ....................................... 15
2.4.1 Revive the Trusteeship Council ....................... 18
2.4.2 Give Nations and Peoples World Legal Status ............ 20
2.4.3 Functional Territories ............................... 22
2.4.4 New Modes of UN Representation .................... 23
2.5 Preventive Diplomacy .................................... 23
2.6 Conclusion ............................................. 27
References .................................................. 29
3 The Expanding Toolchest for Peacebuilders ...................... 31
3.1 Our Nineteenth Century Heritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2 The League of Nations Covenant ............................ 33
3.3 The United Nations Charter ................................ 34
3.4 United Nations Practice 1950–1989 .......................... 37
3.5 United Nations Practice 1990: Present ........................ 41
3.6 Non-Governmental Organisations and People’s Movements ....... 43
3.7 Overview of Approaches to Peace ........................... 51
References .................................................. 53
4 Challenges for Peace Researchers and Peace Builders in the
Twenty-First Century: Education and Coordination of a
Diversity of Actors in Applying What We are Learning ............ 55
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 55
4.2 Five Peace Research Trends ................................ 56
4.3 “Post-Conflict” Peace Building ............................. 58
4.4 Preventing Violent and Disruptive Conflict .................... 60
ix
x Contents
4.5 Conclusion ............................................. 63
References .................................................. 65
5 Peace Studies as a Transdisciplinary Project ..................... 69
5.1 Is Peace and Conflict Studies a Discipline? .................... 70
5.2 Emergence of Peace Tools in the UN System .................. 72
5.3 Emphasis on Multi-Track and Multiple Methods ............... 77
5.4 Growing Diversity of Peacekeeping and NGO/Civil
Society Activities ........................................ 78
5.5 Post-Conflict Peace-Building ............................... 79
5.6 Long-Term Peace-Building ................................ 84
5.7 Local Conflict Within States ................................ 86
5.8 Conclusion ............................................. 87
References .................................................. 88
6 The Escalating Peace Potential of Global Governance ............. 91
6.1 The Emergence of Global Governance ....................... 91
6.2 The UN System now involves People from Most Professions
and Disciplines .......................................... 92
6.3 Participation of Parliamentarians of States in the UN System ...... 94
6.4 Participation of NGOs/Civil Society in the UN System .......... 96
6.5 NGOs/Civil Society in World Politics ........................ 98
6.6 Participation of Business in the UN System ................... 100
6.7 Business in World Politics ................................. 101
6.7.1 Business Groups Putting Human Rights on their Agenda ... 102
6.7.2 Companies Adopting Human Rights Principles ........... 103
6.7.3 Human Rights Training for Employees ................. 103
6.7.4 Independent Monitoring ............................. 103
6.8 Participation of Local Governments in the UN System ........... 104
6.9 Local Governments, Organizations in World Politics ............ 106
6.10 Conclusion ............................................ 108
References .................................................. 108
7 There are Peacebuilding Tasks for Everybody .................... 111
7.1 The UN System Involves People from Most Professions
and Disciplines .......................................... 113
7.2 Roles Performed by NGOs/Civil Society Organizations in
the UN System .......................................... 114
7.3 The Business Community in the UN System ................... 116
7.4 Local Authorities in the UN System ......................... 118
7.5 NGOs/Civil Society in World Politics ........................ 119
7.6 Business in World Politics ................................. 124
7.7 Local Authorities, Organizations, and People in World Politics .... 126
7.8 Preparing People to Cope with Local Conflict within States ....... 129
Contents xi
7.9 In Conclusion ........................................... 131
References .................................................. 132
8 What Should be the Foundations of Peace Education? ............. 135
8.1 Peace is Possible ......................................... 135
8.2 Historical Context ........................................ 136
8.3 Basic Concepts .......................................... 137
8.4 What Have We Learned? The Emerging Tool Chest ............. 139
8.5 Putting the Pieces Together: Developing Peace Strategies
and Peace Education ...................................... 144
8.6 Comparative Evaluation of Peace-Building Strategies ........... 146
8.7 Conclusion: The Challenges for Peace Educators ............... 146
References .................................................. 147
About the Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
About the Book ................................................ 151
Chapter 1
Introduction: Peace Research and
Peacebuilding
I spent 1966–1967 doing first-hand research on the UN system, at UN
Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. While there I made personal contact with
European scholars who informed me about the International Peace Research
Association (IPRA). It then had its headquarters in the Netherlands. In the sum-
mer of 1967 I attended an IPRA conference held in Sweden and listened to pres-
entations from peace research scholars from around the world. Here I learned that
people tend to define peace as a condition that exists when they overcome the most
significant conditions that prevent them from having a normal human life. Thus,
people around the world attempting to develop peace have different agendas. This
means that achieving world peace requires cooperation among peoples having dif-
ferent peace agendas. This experience stimulated me to add peace research to my
agenda, because it had a significant impact on my earlier research on the UN sys-
tem and on the world relations of local communities.
In Chap 2, “The Quest for Peace: What are We Learning”, International
Journal of Peace Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1999, 21–46, I provide an overview of
what we learned about building peace in the twentieth century, through both
research and practice. This includes peacekeeping operations, humanitarian inter-
vention, self-determination, and preventive diplomacy. Significantly involved in
this learning process were both the UN system and NGO/Peoples Movements.
In Chap 3, “The Expanding Tool Chest for Peacebuilders”, 1999, in Ho Won
Jeong, The New Agenda for Peace Research. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing,
13–42, I extend my analysis of twentieth century learning about building peace.
I compare the League of Nations Covenant and the UN Charter. I then summa-
rize what was learned by UN practice in 1950–1989, and by UN practice in 1990–
1999. I then also provide an overview of contributions by NGOS and Peoples
Movements. I conclude with a “Summary of approaches to Peace”. This includes
twenty-six approaches that I place in nine categories. Each is achieved with a dif-
ferent instrument, including words, limited military power, reducing weapons,
protecting rights, solving economic and social problems, equitable sharing, and
involving the public at large.
C. F. Alger, Peace Research and Peacebuilding, SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science 1
and Practice 9, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00503-4_1, © The Author(s) 2014