PEACE, CONFLICT, AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A READER

573 Pages·2011·2.09 MB·English

PEACE,
CONFLICT, AND
DEVELOPMENT
IN AFRICA:
A READER
Political Economy of Conflict
Economic Policy and Peace Humanitarian Aid
Human Development Demilitarisation
Human Security State-Building Democracy
Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Recovery
Natural Resources Environment
Conflict Sensitivity Conflict Prevention
Social Mobilisation Youth Gender
Edited by Erin McCandless and Tony Karbo
PEACE, CONFLICT,
AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

PEACE, CONFLICT,
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
AFRICA: A READER
Edited by
Erin McCandless and Tony Karbo
Copyright © 2011 University for Peace
Printed in Switzerland
ISBN: 978-9977-925-58-5
Contents
Foreword vii
Contributors viii
Acknowledgements x
Abbreviations xi
Introduction xiii
CHAPTER 1: PEACE, CONFLICT, AND DEVELOPMENT: THE LINKAGES 1
Hansen, Africa: Perspectives on Peace and Development 3
McCandless, Peace and Conflict Studies: Origins, Defining Issues, Current Status 17
McCandless, Emergence of Peace-Building and Development: Scholarship and Practice 21
McCandless, Synopses of Major Concepts 24
Uvin, The Development/Peacebuilding Nexus: A Typology and History of Changing Paradigms 31
Government of Liberia and United Nations Development Programme–Liberia,
National Human Development Report, 2006: Liberia 45
CHAPTER 2: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CONFLICT 51
Francis, Africa at War against Itself: Civil Wars and New Security Threats 53
Collier, Doing Well Out of War: An Economic Perspective 67
Fukuda-Parr, Ashwill, Chiappa, and Messineo, The Conflict-Development Nexus:
A Survey of Armed Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–2005 78
Bond, Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and Political-Economic
Conflict in Africa: The Return of the Theory of Imperialism 86
Humphreys, Economics and Violent Conflict 94
Human Security Centre, Human Security Brief, 2006 100
CHAPTER 3: ECONOMIC POLICY, CONFLICT, AND PEACE 103
Cheru, Africa and the Globalization Challenge 106
Mkandawire, Maladjusted African Economies and Globalisation 124
Cheru, Building and Supporting PRSPs in Africa: What Has Worked Well So Far?
What Needs Changing? 127
Humphreys, Economics and Violent Conflict 140
Paris, Adopt Conflict-Reducing Economic Policies 142
Galtung, Six Economic Schools 146
UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve
the Millennium Development Goals 154
CHAPTER 4: INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND HUMANITARIAN AND
DEVELOPMENT AID: STRATEGIES AND IMPACT 157
Paris, At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict 159
Pugh, The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective 165
Goodhand, Understanding Responses to Conflict: International Intervention and Aid 169
Okumu, Humanitarian International NGOs and African Conflicts 184
Lancaster, Aid to Africa: So Much to Do, So Little Done 191
Clemens, Smart Samaritans 209
Macrae, Collinson, Buchanan-Smith, Reindorp, Schmidt, Mowjee and Harmer,
Uncertain Power: The Changing Role of Official Donors in Humanitarian Action 215
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Principles for Good
International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations 221
CHAPTER 5: DEMILITARISATION AND HUMAN SECURITY 225
Neethling, The Security-Development Nexus and the Imperative of Peacebuilding with
Special Reference to the African Context 228
Tschirgi, The Security-Development Nexus: From Rhetoric to Understanding Complex
Dynamics 234
United Kingdom Department for International Development, Development and
Security Working Together 246
Rupiya, An African Perspective of the Reform of the Security Sector Since the 1990s 248
Middlebrook and Peake, Right-Financing Security Sector Reform 257
Vencovsky, Economic Reintegration of Ex-Combatants 264
Hutchful, A Civil Society Perspective 268
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 6: STATE-BUILDING AND DEMOCRACY 275
Ayoob, State Making, State Breaking and State Failure 279
Deng, Introduction: Identity, Diversity, and Constitutionalism in Africa 282
Olukoshi, State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa: The Complex Process of Renewal 286
Paris and Sisk, Postwar Statebuilding 295
United Nations Development Programme, Democratic Governance for Human Development 304
Call and Cook, Introduction: Postconflict Peacebuilding and Democratization 312
Crook, Theories of Civil Society 314
CHAPTER 7: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECONSTRUCTION,
RECOVERY, AND PEACE 319
Woodward, Economic Priorities for Successful Peace Implementation 322
Suhrke, Wimpelmann, and Dawes, Peace Agreements as Basis for Post-Conflict
Statebuilding 340
Boyce and O’Donnell, Policy Implications: The Economics of Postwar Statebuilding 343
United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery,
Post-Conflict Economic Recovery: Enabling Local Ingenuity 361
Addison: From Conflict to Recovery in Africa 367
CHAPTER 8: NATURAL RESOURCES, THE ENVIRONMENT,
AND PEACEBUILDING 377
Humphreys, Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts: Issues and Options 380
Cooper, Peaceful Warriors and Warring Peacemakers 391
Omeje, Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South: Re-engaging Rentier
Theory and Politics 396
Moyo and Matondi, The Politics of Land Reform in Zimbabwe 403
Borel, McCandless, and Abu-Nimer, Environment and Natural Resource–Related
Conflicts: Moving Towards Transformational Approaches 415
CHAPTER 9: CONFLICT SENSITIVITY AND CONFLICT PREVENTION 419
United Nations Secretary-General, Progress Report on the Prevention of Armed Conflict 422
Anderson, Framework for Analyzing Aid’s Impact on Conflict 424
Paffenholz, What Is the Aid for Peace Approach for Conflict Zones? 430
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Evaluating Conflict
Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Factsheet 2008 431
World Bank, Toward a Conflict Sensitive Poverty Reduction Strategy 434
Fukuda-Parr and Picciotto, Conflict Prevention and Development Cooperation 444
Stewart, Brown, and Cobham, Promoting Group Justice: Fiscal Policies in
Post-Conflict Countries 446
CHAPTER 10: NONVIOLENCE AND SOCIAL MOBILISATION FOR PEACE
AND CHANGE 449
De Waal, Social Mobilization for Peace 452
Rehn and Johnson Sirleaf, Organizing for Peace 465
United Nations Development Programme, Review of Policy Frameworks and
Conclusions on the Way Forward 476
Twum-Danso, The Political Child 488
Mitchell, Conflict, Social Change and Conflict Resolution: An Enquiry 494
Barnes, Agents for Change 499
Bond, Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and Political Economic
Conflict in Africa 504
CHAPTER 11: AFRICAN INSTITUTIONS: SECURING PEACE
AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSS BORDERS 507
Francis, Linking Peace, Security and Developmental Regionalism:
Regional Economic and Security Integration in Africa 510
Murithi, Towards a Symbiotic Partnership: The UN Peacebuilding Commission
and the Evolving AU/NEPAD Post-Conflict Reconstruction Framework 520
Tesha, Reminiscences and Personal Reflections: Development Initiatives for Africa 528
Ekiyor and Mashumba, Civil Society and Collaborative Arrangements with
ECCAS: A Comparative Analysis with ECOWAS and SADC 533
Web Resources 535
Recommended Reading 543
Foreword
The Africa Programme of the University for Peace is pleased to present Peace, Conflict,
and Development in Africa: A Reader, the latest addition to our Peace and Conflict in Africa
series. We launched the series three years ago to provide members of the academic com-
munity, civil society organisations, and policy makers in Africa with materials for further-
ing the debates on peace and conflict issues on the continent.
The series facilitates access to critical, published writings on peace and conflict by pro-
fessors, researchers, and students in African universities, where the availability of mate-
rials is often limited. The publications under this rubric can also be used by practition-
ers and policy makers at all levels in building peace and human development in Africa.
The series is an integral part of the Africa Programme’s central mission, which is to stim-
ulate and strengthen peace and conflict studies in Africa through teaching, training,
research, and service to community.
From its inception, the Africa Programme adopted an approach of working in close col-
laboration and consultation with partner universities around the continent. The pro-
gramme focuses on eight key themes:
• conflict prevention, management, and resolution
• human rights, peace, and justice
• peace, conflict, and development
• gender and peacebuilding
• nonviolent transformation of conflict
• regional integration and security
• media, conflict, and peace
• endogenous methods of conflict prevention and peacebuilding
The Africa Programme has produced a range of teaching materials, including the follow-
ing readers and compendia:
• Gender and Peacebuilding in Africa: A Reader, ed. Dina Rodríguez and Edith Natukunda-
Togboa (2005)
• Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: A Reader, in collaboration with the Pretoria
University Law Press (2006)
• Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa, ed. Monica
Kathina Juma, Rafael Velásquez García, and Brittany Kesselman, in collaboration with
Pretoria University Law Press (2006)
• Compendium of Key Human Rights Documents of the African Union,ed. Christof Heyns
and Magnus Killander, in collaboration with Pretoria University Law Press (2007)
• Peace Research for Africa: Critical Essays on Methodology, by Erin McCandless and Abdul
Karim Bangura, ed. Mary E. King and Ebrima Sall (2007)
Peace, Conflict, and Development in Africa contains reprints and extracts of important
scholarship and research selected by co-editors Erin McCandless and Tony Karbo. I wish
to take this opportunity to thank them and their assistant editors for their dedication
and resilience in ensuring the completion of this reader. It is my belief that it will be an
invaluable tool for strengthening knowledge in the area of peace, conflict, and develop-
ment. It is also my hope that it will stimulate current and future efforts to address and
resolve the peace, conflict, and development challenges facing Africa.
Jean-Bosco Butera
Director
UPEACE Africa Programme
vii
Contributors
Editors
Erin McCandlessis a peacebuilding and development scholar and practitioner with nearly
two decades of experience working with international organisations—advising them on
policy, programme design and development, and research, evaluation, and training—
including ten years based in conflict and post-conflict recovery contexts. She presently
consults with the United Nations and other international organisations on a range of peace,
security, governance, and development issues. McCandless is adjunct professor at the New
School’s Graduate Program in International Affairs and is the founder and co-executive edi-
tor of the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development. She is the author of more than fifty
publications on issues of peacebuilding and state-building and their linkages to economic
recovery and development, as well as disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration
(DDR); conflict sensitive policy making; UN peace operations; strategic frameworks and
international coordination; exit and transition strategies; and peace research methods. She
earned her doctoral degree from American University, Washington, D.C.
Tony Karbo is senior programme officer and associate professor for the UPEACE Africa
Programme, Addis Ababa. Karbo is the managing editor for the Africa Peace and Conflict
Journal, a peer-reviewed journal that deals with contemporary peace and conflict issues
in Africa. He was previously a senior lecturer at the Institute of Peace, Leadership and
Governance at the Africa University of Zimbabwe. Karbo has more than twenty years of
experience teaching and fifteen years of experience in workshop design and training in
the areas of peacebuilding, conflict resolution, conflict transformation, mediation and
negotiation, governance, and human rights. His work has taken him to more than twenty
African countries, where he continues to engage parliamentarians, senior civil servants,
civil society organisations, and non-governmental organisations in peacebuilding
processes. He is an associate director and trainer for the South North Centre for
Peacebuilding and Development. Previously, Karbo served as the program representative
for eastern and southern Africa at the Institute of Multi-Track Diplomacy. He holds a doc-
torate in conflict analysis and resolution from the former Institute for Conflict Analysis
and Resolution (now the School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution), George Mason
University, United States.
Editorial Advisors
Sam Gbaydee Doeis a development and reconciliation advisor with the United Nations
country team in Sri Lanka. He previously served as principal consultant for evaluation and
strategic coordination with the UN Mission in Liberia and senior conflict prevention and
civil society development expert with the Pacific Regional Centre of the United Nations
Development Programme in Fiji. Prior to his work with the UN system, Doe served as
founding executive director of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding, currently the
largest peacebuilding civil society network in Africa, and was one of the pioneers of civil
society conflict early warning work in Africa. He was also chair of the Forum on Early
Warning and Early Response and co-founder and chair of International Conflict and
Security Consulting in London. Doe holds a doctorate in social and international affairs.
Anícia Laláholds a lecturing position in conflict and peace studies at the Higher Institute
for International Relations, Mozambique, and has served as an advisor to the rector of
the same institution. She has worked for the Ministry of Defence of Mozambique and
served at the National Directorate for Defence Policy, with responsibilities in the fields of
international co-operation and institutional planning and coordination. Subsequently,
she worked as deputy director for Africa at the Global Facilitation Network for Security
Sector Reform when the project was based at Cranfield University, United Kingdom. She
viii
Contributors ix
also worked as a network coordinator for the African Security Sector Network and is cur-
rently a member of its Executive Committee and acted as the vice chair of the Working
Group on Privatisation of Security at the Global Consortium on Security Transformation.
Her primary research focus has been on democratisation, conflict resolution, peacebuild-
ing, and security sector reform. She is currently a doctoral researcher at the Department
of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, United Kingdom. Her participation in this proj-
ect was made possible through the funding of the Programa Operacional Ciência e
Inovação 2010 and the European Union.
Tim Murithiheads the Transitional Justice in Africa Programme at the Institute for Justice
and Reconciliation, Cape Town. From 2009 to 2010 he was head of the Peace and Security
Council Report Programme at the Institute for Security Studies, Addis Ababa. He served
prior to that as a senior research fellow at the Department of Peace Studies, University
of Bradford, United Kingdom (2008–2009); a senior researcher at the Centre for Conflict
Resolution, University of Cape Town (2005–2007); and a programme officer at the
Programme in Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy at the United Nations Institute
for Training and Research, Geneva (1999–2005). From 1995 to 1998, he taught at the
Department for International Relations, Keele University, England, from which he also
obtained his doctorate in international relations. Murithi is the author of more than sev-
enty publications, including The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and
Development(2005) and The Ethics of Peacebuilding(2009).
Robert Picciotto, visiting professor at Kings College, London, holds graduate degrees
from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique, France, and the Woodrow Wilson
School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, United States. He served
as director-general of the Independent Evaluation Group at the World Bank, reporting to
its Board of Directors from 1992 to 2002. His prior managerial assignments include vice
president of corporate planning and budgeting and director of projects departments in
three of the World Bank’s regions. He is a council member of the United Kingdom
Evaluation Society and a board member of the European Evaluation Society.
Mary Hope Schwoebelis senior program officer at the Academy for International Conflict
Management and Peacebuilding at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP),
Washington, D.C. She has more than thirty years of experience in the fields of conflict
resolution, disaster management, humanitarian assistance, democracy and governance,
and peacebuilding and development. Prior to joining USIP in 2007, she worked as a con-
sultant for numerous international organisations, including the United Nations
Development Programme, UNICEF, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and
international NGOs. She has taught peace and conflict studies, international relations,
international development, and foreign policy as an adjunct faculty member at American,
Georgetown, and George Mason Universities. Schwoebel holds a doctorate in conflict
analysis and resolution from George Mason University.
Necla Tschirgi is professor of practice, human security, and peacebuilding at the Joan
B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, University of San Diego. Her research interests include
the intersection of development and the security agenda. She is particularly interested
in the creation of knowledge systems linking academics, policy makers, practitioners, and
other relevant actors working at the local, national, and global levels. Tschirgi holds a
doctorate in political economy from the University of Toronto.
Courtenay Siegfriedserved as editorial assistant.