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Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989 PDF

397 Pages·1991·5.43 MB·English
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CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1 MYLES L. C. ROBERTSON Soviet policy towards Japan An analysis of trends in the 1970s and 1980s 2 FRIEDRICH V. KRATOCHWIL Rules, norms, and decisions On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in international relations and domestic affairs 3 MICHAEL NICHOLSON Formal theories in international relations 4 MICHAEL C. PUGH The ANZUS crisis, nuclear visiting and deterrence 5 STEPHEN GILl American hegemony and the Trilateral Commission 6 HIDEMI SUGANAMI The domestic analogy and world order proposals 7 IAN CLARK The hierarchy of states Reform and resistance in the international order 8 ZEEV MAOZ National choices and international processes 9 WILLIAM BLOOM Personal identity, national identity and international relations 10 JAMES MAYALL Nationalism and international society 11 JAMES BARBER and JOHN BARRATT South Africa's foreign policy The search for status and security 1945-1988 12 ROBERT H. JACKSON Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations and the Third World 13 SAKI DOCKRILL Britain's policy for West German rearmament 1950-1955 14 KALEVI J. HOLSTI Peace and war: armed conflicts and international order 1648-1989 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 14 PEACE AND WAR: ARMED CONFLICTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER 1648-1989 Editorial Board STEVE SMITH (Managing editor) LAWRENCE FREEDMAN FRED HALLIDAY KALEVI J. HOLSTI ROY JONES ROBERT S. LITWAK PETER NAILOR WILLIAM OLSON ADAM ROBERTS JOHN SIMPSON JACK SPENCE ROGER TOOZE JOHN A. VASQUEZ JOHN VINCENT Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA). The series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and surveys to research-based monographs and collaborative volumes. The aim of the series is to publish the best new scholarship in International Studies from Europe, North America and the rest of the world. For centuries political theorists, philosophers, and historians have asked why war occurs. Innumerable books have been published on the question, yet none has proved authoritative. In this book, Kalevi Holsti approaches the issue from a new perspective. He asks three interrelated questions that have not previ- ously received systematic analysis. What issues generate conflict? How have attitudes toward war changed? And what attempts have been made histori- cally to create international orders and institutions that can manage, control, or prevent international conflicts and crises? Professor Holsti begins by assessing the achievements and shortfalls of the voluminous literature of war, and outlines the model of international politics that informs his study. Then, starting with the Treaties of Miinster and Os- nabriick of 1648, he examines 177 international wars from the European and global states systems. Through these cases, he identifies a range of conflict- producing issues and how these, as well as the attitudes of policy-makers to the use of force, have changed over the last 350 years. He demonstrates how the great peacemaking efforts of 1648, 1713, 1815, 1919, and 1945 involved implicit and explicit theories of international relations. The new orders estab- lished in those watershed peace conferences attempted to solve the issues of the past, yet few successfully anticipated those of the future. Indeed, some created the basis of new conflicts. Peace and war: armed conflicts and international order 1648-1989 is a major study of the origins of war and the foundations of peace in the last 350 years. It will be an important text for students of and specialists in diplomatic history, war and peace studies, international relations, international conflict, and political studies. PEACE AND WAR: ARMED CONFLICTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER 1648-1989 KALEVI J. HOLSTI Professor, Department of Political Science, Unixtersity of British Columbia CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521399296 © Cambridge University Press 1991 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1991 Reprinted 1992,1994,1995,1998 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 978-0-521-39048-6 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-39929-6 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. For Marilyn CONTENTS List of figures page xii List of tables xiii Preface xv 1 ON THE STUDY OF WAR 1 Explanatory configurations 3 The promises and pitfalls of ecological variables 6 The meanings of war 9 What men fight about: issues and international conflict 12 A map of a map 16 Defining issues 17 Data sources: geographical and temporal domains 20 Attitudes toward war 21 Issues, war, and peace: creating international orders 21 2 MUNSTERANDOSNABRUCK, 1648: PEACE BY PIECES 25 The Thirty Years War 26 Planning for peace 29 Negotiations at Miinster and Osnabriick 32 Outcomes 34 A new order for Europe? 37 3 WAR AND PEACE IN THE ERA OF THE HEROIC WARRIORS, 1648-1713 43 Issues that generated wars 46 Attitudes to war 63 4 ACT TWO OF THE HEGEMONY DRAMA: THE UTRECHT SETTLEMENTS 71 The British "Plan" 73 Outcomes 76 Analysis 79 5 THE LETHAL MINUET: WAR AND PEACE AMONG THE PRINCES OF CHRISTENDOM, 1715-1814 83 Isssues that generated wars 87 ix CONTENTS War in the post-Utrecht international system 102 The meaning of war 105 The problem of peace 111 6 PEACE THROUGH EQUILIBRIUM: THE SETTLEMENTS OF 1814-1815 114 Diagnoses 116 Solutions 119 Forging the settlement 127 Allied unity unraveled: defining threats to peace 130 Assessment 132 7 CONFLICT AND CONSENT, 1815-1914 138 War and intervention in Concert Europe 139 New war-generating issues 145 Old and declining issues 150 The character of war preparation 156 The meaning of war 158 The problem of peace 164 Nation-state creation and system breakdown 169 8 1919: PEACE THROUGH DEMOCRACY AND COVENANT 175 Woodrow Wilson: the moral-political universe 181 Replacing the old with the new: the moral and political foundations of enduring peace 184 The political foundations of the new international order: democracy, covenants, and arms control 185 Peace through a preponderance of power: Clemenceau 189 Peace through conflict resolution mechanisms: the British contribution 194 Paris 1919: the importance of preliminaries and procedures 1% The drama of the League of Nations Commission 199 The German settlement 205 Evaluation 208 9 WAR AS THE AFTERMATH OF PEACE: INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, 1918-1941 213 Issues that generated wars, 1918-1941 217 Attitudes toward war 228 10 PEACE BY POLICING 243 Wilson revisited and revised: the United States 245

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In this book, Professor Holsti approaches the study of the origins of war and the foundations of peace from a new perspective. He asks three interrelated questions. Which issues generate conflict? How have attitudes toward war changed? And, what attempts have been made historically to create interna
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