A L I C E ® ASSET LIMITED, INCOME CONSTRAINED, EMPLOYED Fall 2016 STUDY OF FINANCIAL HARDSHIP UnitedWayALICE.org/Maryland THE UNITED WAYS OF MARYLAND County United Way United Fund of Talbot County United Way of Calvert County United Way of Caroline County United Way of Cecil County United Way of Central Maryland United Way of Charles County United Way of Frederick County United Way of Kent County United Way of Queen Anne’s County United Way of St. Mary’s County United Way of the Lower Eastern Shore United Way of the National Capital Area United Way of Washington County NATIONAL ALICE ADVISORY COUNCIL The following companies are major funders and supporters of the United Way ALICE Project: Aetna Foundation | AT&T | Atlantic Health System | Deloitte | Entergy | Johnson & Johnson KeyBank | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | OneMain Financial Thrivent Financial Foundation | UPS | U.S. Venture Note: In addition to the corporate sponsorships, this Report was made possible by the United Ways noted above in bold. LETTER TO THE COMMUNITY Leadership of United Ways in Maryland Rosie Allen-Herring Dear Marylanders, President & CEO United Way of the National Capital Area I’m proud to live and work in Maryland. Founded as the [email protected] Free State, Maryland is one of the most culturally diverse places in America. We have some of the wealthiest Michael D. Bellis communities in the country but also some of the poorest. Executive Director I’ve come to appreciate that Marylanders care deeply about United Way of Charles County their state and the communities that comprise it, and are [email protected] willing to come together to lift up our neighbors in need. But that’s the issue. We often don’t know who is struggling. Kelly Chambers Sometimes, they are hiding in plain sight. That’s why this President & CEO report is such a critical tool. It helps identify those who are United Way of Calvert County having difficulty making ends meet in every community across Maryland, and [email protected] better understand the obstacles they face. Franklyn Baker We call these neighbors in need “ALICE,” an acronym for Asset Limited, Income President & CEO Constrained, Employed. The ALICE population represents hardworking people we United Way of Central Maryland interact with every day: fellow Marylanders who have a job – or two or three – yet [email protected] cannot afford basic necessities to remain stable and self-sufficient. ALICE individuals and families teeter on that critical dividing line between the Parke Hahn haves and have nots. All it takes is one crisis – a health emergency, a car President, Board of Directors breaking down, an increase in monthly rent – and they will very likely fall. And we United Way of Caroline County can’t let that happen. With the right focus, the right policy changes and the right [email protected] investments, we can help put these hardworking ALICE citizens on the path to financial stability and self sufficiency. Kathleen Mommé Executive Director Like all states, Maryland was hit hard during the recession and has rebounded United Way of the Lower Eastern Shore to some degree during the recovery. But the slowly rising economic tide is not [email protected] lifting all boats. It might surprise you to know that our 2-1-1 Maryland System, which serves the entire state, handled a record number of calls for assistance last Kenneth Oldham year – more than 278,000 in total – often from ALICE individuals needing help to President & CEO navigate financial struggles such as rent, health care, utility assistance and food. United Way of Frederick County Every one of us was ALICE, is ALICE or knows ALICE. This report clearly shows [email protected] us who ALICE is, where ALICE lives and how ALICE struggles. It is a call to action for all of us: to share this information, to innovate new strategies, to collaborate Mary Beth Pirolozzi together as legislators, academics and leaders from the community, business and Executive Director philanthropic sectors. Together, we can help relieve the stress and stabilize our County United Way ALICE neighbors in need. We can help ALICE individuals realize their American [email protected] dreams for a bright future, both for themselves and their families. Melissa Reabold And, finally, a word of deep gratitude. This report would not be possible without Executive Director the leadership of Mark Furst, former president and CEO, the generosity of our United Way of Washington County corporate supporter, OneMain Financial, and the contributors to United Ways [email protected] serving Maryland. Thank you! Sincerely, Robin Spurdle Executive Director United Way of Cecil County [email protected] Sandy Monck Senior Vice President and Chief Impact Officer, United Way of Central Maryland iiii THE UNITED WAY ALICE PROJECT The United Way ALICE Project provides a framework, language, and tools to measure and understand the struggles of the growing number of households in our communities that do not earn enough to afford basic necessities, a population called ALICE. This research initiative partners with state United Way organizations, such as those in Maryland, to deliver research-based reports that can stimulate meaningful discussion, attract new partners, and ultimately inform strategies that affect positive change. Based on the overwhelming success of this research in identifying and articulating the needs of this vulnerable population, the United Way ALICE Project has grown from a pilot in Morris County, New Jersey in 2009, to the entire state of New Jersey in 2012, and now to the national level with 15 states participating in the United Way ALICE Project. More than one-third of households in the United States either live in poverty or are ALICE. Maryland’s United Way organizations are proud to join some 450 United Ways from the participating states to better understand the struggles of ALICE. The result is that ALICE is rapidly becoming part of the common vernacular, appearing in grant applications, in the media, and in public forums discussing financial hardship in communities across the country. Together, United Ways, government agencies, nonprofits, and corporations have the opportunity to evaluate the current solutions and discover innovative approaches to give ALICE a voice, and to create changes that improve life for ALICE and the wider community. To access reports from all states, visit UnitedWayALICE.org States with United Way ALICE Reports North Dakota Washington Montana Minnesota New Hampshire Vermont Maine Wisconsin South Dakota Oregon Idaho Wyoming Michigan Massachusetts New York Iowa Nebraska Pennsylvania Rhode Island Illinois Indiana Ohio Connecticut Nevada Utah Colorado West New Jersey Kansas Missouri Virginia Delaware Kentucky Virginia Maryland California Oklahoma Arkansas Tennessee C Naroorltihn a DCioslturmicbt ioaf Arizona New Mexico Georgia Texas South Carolina Alabama Florida Louisiana Mississippi Alaska New Jersey (2012) First Cohort (2014) Hawaii Second Cohort (2015-16) Third Cohort (2016-17) iii THE ALICE RESEARCH TEAM The United Way ALICE Project provides high quality, research-based analysis to foster a better understanding of who is struggling in our communities. To produce the United Way ALICE Report for Maryland, a team of researchers collaborated with a Research Advisory Committee, composed of 20 representatives from across the state, who counseled United Way on the development of the Report. This collaborative model, practiced in each state, ensures each United Way ALICE Report presents unbiased data that is replicable, easily updated on a regular basis, and sensitive to local context. Working closely with United Ways, the United Way ALICE Project seeks to equip communities with information to create innovative solutions. Lead Researcher Stephanie Hoopes, Ph.D. is the lead researcher and director of the United Way ALICE Project. Dr. Hoopes’ work focuses on the political economy of the United States and specifically on the circumstances of low-income households. Her research has garnered both state and national media attention. She began the United Way ALICE Project as a pilot study of the low-income community in affluent Morris County, New Jersey in 2009, and has overseen its expansion into a broad-based initiative to more accurately measure financial hardship in states across the country. In 2015, Dr. Hoopes joined the staff at United Way of Northern New Jersey in order to grow this work in new and innovative ways as more and more states become involved. Dr. Hoopes was an assistant professor at the School of Public Affairs and Administration (SPAA), Rutgers University-Newark, from 2011 to 2015, and director of Rutgers-Newark’s New Jersey DataBank, which makes data available to citizens and policymakers on current issues in 20 policy areas, from 2011 to 2012. SPAA continues to support the United Way ALICE Project with access to research resources. Dr. Hoopes has a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics, a master’s degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a bachelor’s degree from Wellesley College. Research Support Team Andrew Abrahamson Helen McGinnis Dan Treglia, Ph.D. ALICE Research Advisory Committee for Maryland Charles Betley, M.A. Sarah Guy, M.B.A., Ph.D. Robin McKinney, M.S.W. The Hilltop Institute at University of BEACON at Salisbury University Maryland CASH Campaign Maryland Baltimore County Patrick Hain, M.P.P.A. John McMullen, M.A., Ph.D. David Bishai, M.P.H., M.D., Ph.D. Annie E. Casey Foundation Frostburg State University Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Natalie Holmes, M.P.P. Letitia Logan Passarella, M.P.P. Public Health Metropolitan Policy Program, The University of Maryland School of Susan Bradley, M.A. Brookings Institution Social Work State of Maryland Department James F. Kercheval Amber Starn, M.P.H. of Health and Mental Hygiene The Greater Hagerstown Charles County Department Behavioral Health Administration Committee, Inc. of Health Richard Clinch, Ph.,D. Farhad Khan Dawn Thurman, M.S.W., Ph.D. Jacob France Institute, Green & Healthy Homes Initiative Morgan State University School of University of Baltimore Social Work Lavanya Madhusudan, M.P.H., Debbie DiVirgilio, M.N.M. M.S.W. Kasey Wiedrich, M.P.A. Community Coalition for Job Opportunities Task Force Corporation for Enterprise Affordable Housing Development Benjamin Orr, M.P.A. Tracy Dusablon, M.H.S., Ph.D. Maryland Center on Margaret Williams iv Maryland State Department Economic Policy Maryland Family Network of Education v TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 INTRODUCTION ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 D I� WHO IS STRUGGLING IN MARYLAND? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 N Measure 1 – The ALICE Threshold II� HOW COSTLY IS IT TO LIVE IN MARYLAND? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������31 A Measure 2 – The Household Budget: Survival vs. Stability L III� WHERE DOES ALICE WORK? HOW MUCH DOES ALICE EARN AND SAVE? �������������������������������41 Y IV� HOW MUCH INCOME AND ASSISTANCE IS NEEDED TO REACH THE ALICE THRESHOLD? ��������54 Measure 3 – The ALICE Income Assessment R V� WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR ALICE HOUSEHOLDS IN MARYLAND? ����������������62 Measure 4 – The Economic Viability Dashboard A VI� THE CONSEQUENCES OF INSUFFICIENT HOUSEHOLD INCOME ����������������������������������������������71 M CONCLUSION ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������97 APPENDIX A – INCOME INEQUALITY IN MARYLAND ������������������������������������������������������������������116 N APPENDIX B – THE ALICE THRESHOLD: METHODOLOGY ����������������������������������������������������������117 I APPENDIX C – THE HOUSEHOLD SURVIVAL BUDGET: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ��������������119 APPENDIX D – THE HOUSEHOLD STABILITY BUDGET: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ��������������122 E APPENDIX E – THE ALICE INCOME ASSESSMENT: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES �������������������125 C APPENDIX F – THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY DASHBOARD: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ����������128 I APPENDIX G – HOUSING DATA BY COUNTY ������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 L APPENDIX H – KEY FACTS AND ALICE STATISTICS FOR MARYLAND MUNICIPALITIES ����������������131 A APPENDIX I – HOUSEHOLDS BY INCOME ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������141 APPENDIX J – ALICE COUNTY PAGES ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������142 BIBLIOGRAPHY �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������167 vi INDEX OF FIGURES Figure 1� Household Income, Maryland, 2014 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Figure 2� Households by Income, Maryland, 2007 to 2014 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������13 Figure 3� Percent of Households below the ALICE Threshold by County, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������14 Figure 4� Percent of Households below the ALICE Threshold by County Subdivision, Maryland, 2014 ����������15 Figure 5� Distribution of Households below the ALICE Threshold across County Subdivisions, Maryland, 2014 ����15 Figure 6� Households below the ALICE Threshold, Largest Cities and Towns in Maryland, 2014 ������������������16 Figure 7� Percent of Households below the ALICE Threshold by Neighborhood, Baltimore, Maryland, 2014 ������17 Figure 8� Household Income by Age, Maryland, 2014 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Figure 9� Households by Race/Ethnicity and Income, Maryland, 2014 ���������������������������������������������������������20 Figure 10� Black, Hispanic, and Asian Households by Income, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������21 Figure 11� Household Types by Income, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Figure 12� Families with Children by Income, Maryland, 2014 ��������������������������������������������������������������������23 Figure 13� Education Attainment and Median Annual Earnings, Maryland, 2014 ���������������������������������������26 Figure 14� Median Annual Earnings by Education and Gender, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������27 Figure 15� Veterans by Age, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Figure 16� Household Survival Budget, Maryland Average, 2014 �����������������������������������������������������������������32 Figure 17� Average Household Stability Budget vs� Household Survival Budget, Maryland, 2014 ����������������37 Figure 18� Household Budget Comparison, Family of Four, Baltimore County, Maryland, 2014 �������������������40 Figure 19� Maryland Economy, Employment and GDP by Industry, 2014 ������������������������������������������������������42 Figure 20� Number of Jobs by Hourly Wage, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Figure 21� Number of Jobs by Hourly Wage, Maryland, 2007 to 2014 �����������������������������������������������������������44 Figure 22� Occupations by Employment and Wage, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������������������������45 vii Figure 23� Full-Time and Part-Time Employment by Gender, Maryland, 2014 �������������������������������������������������������46 Figure 24� Earnings by Number of Households and Aggregate Total, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������46 Figure 25� Percent Change in Household Sources of Income, Maryland, 2007 to 2014 �����������������������������������������47 Figure 26� Households by Wealth, Maryland, 2011 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Figure 27� Household Assets, Maryland, 2014 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Figure 28� Use of Alternative Financial Products by Banking Status, Maryland, 2011 �����������������������������������������52 Figure 29� Categories of Income and Assistance for Households below the ALICE Threshold, Maryland, 2014 �����56 Figure 30� Comparing Basic Need with Public and Nonprofit Spending by Category (Excluding Health Care and Miscellaneous Expenses), Maryland, 2014 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Figure 31� Total Public and Nonprofit Assistance per Household below the ALICE Threshold, Maryland, 2014 �����61 Figure 32� Economic Viability Dashboard, Number of “Good” Scores, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������������64 Figure 33� Economic Viability Dashboard, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������64 Figure 34� Economic Viability Dashboard, Maryland, 2007 to 2014 ����������������������������������������������������������������������69 Figure 35� Consequences of Households Living below the ALICE Threshold in Maryland ��������������������������������������71 Figure 36� NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index for Maryland Metro Areas, 2014 �����������������������������������73 Figure 37� Renters below the ALICE Threshold vs� Rental Stock, Maryland, 2014 �������������������������������������������������75 Figure 38� Percent of Workers Commuting Outside Home County, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������������������86 Figure 39� Population Growth, Maryland, 2000 to 2030 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98 Figure 40� Population Inflows and Outflows, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������102 Figure 41� Median Earnings and Unemployment by Race and Ethnicity, Maryland, 2014 �����������������������������������104 Figure 42� Projected Occupational Demand by Wage, Education, and Work Experience, Maryland, 2014 to 2024 ���������108 Figure 43� Employment by Occupation and Impact of Technology, Maryland, 2014 ��������������������������������������������111 Figure 44� Maryland Voters by Annual Income, 2012 U�S� Presidential Election �������������������������������������������������113 Figure 45� Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Strategies to Assist Households with Income below the ALICE Threshold �������114 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Maryland, 743,738 households – fully 35 percent – struggled to afford basic household necessities in 2014. MAJOR FINDINGS Who is ALICE? With the cost of living higher than what most people earn, ALICE families – an acronym for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed – have income above the Federal Poverty Level (FPL), but not high enough to afford a basic household budget that includes housing, child care, food, transportation, and health care. ALICE households live in every county in Maryland – urban, suburban, and rural – and they include women and men, young and old, and all races and ethnicities. Who is struggling? While the Federal Poverty Level reports that only 10 percent of Maryland households face financial hardship, an additional 25 percent (534,801 households) qualify as ALICE. Why are there so many ALICE households in Maryland? Low wage jobs dominate the local economy: More than 53 percent of all jobs in Maryland pay less than $20 per hour, with most paying between $10 and $15 per hour ($15 per hour full time = $30,000 per year). These jobs – especially service jobs that pay wages below $20 per hour and require a high school education or less – will grow far faster than higher-wage jobs over the next decade. The basic cost of living outpaces wages: The cost of basic household expenses in Maryland is more than most of the state’s jobs can support. The average annual Household Survival Budget for a Maryland family of four (two adults with one infant and one preschooler) is $61,224 – more than double the U.S. family poverty level of $23,850. Jobs are not located near housing that is affordable: The Great Recession caused economic hardship throughout Maryland: Housing affordability fell by 17 percent, and job opportunities fell by 14 percent. From 2010 to 2014, housing affordability improved by 8 percent; job opportunities and community resources fluctuated during this period, only to return to their 2010 levels. ALICE households in many parts of Maryland continue to struggle with finding both housing that is affordable and jobs that can support them in the same area. Public and private assistance helps, but doesn’t provide financial stability: The income of ALICE and poverty-level households in Maryland is supplemented with $15.2 billion in government, nonprofit, and health D N A care resources. Presuming that the benefits are distributed evenly and allocated according to need, there L RY is still a 15 percent Unfilled Gap for all households to meet the ALICE Threshold for economic survival. In A M addition, because government expenditure is increasingly composed of health care spending, which consists – T of services and cannot be transferred to meet other needs, there are actually larger gaps in other areas, such R O as housing (45 percent) and child care (54 percent). P E R E C LI A Y A W D E T NI 1 U
Description: