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Agroforestry and markets
Annual Report 2010
West and Central Africa
Indigenous fruits are food for the local people who sell only the excess produce.
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-West and Central Africa), Yaounde, Cameroon 2011
Coordination, compilation, editing, proofreading: Julius Atia Iseli, Dr Zac Tchoundjeu, Dr Amos Guay, Dr
Ann Degrande
Cover photo: Charlie Pye-Smith
Design and layout: Sherry Adisa
Print: COLORIX
ii AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-WCA) 2011. Annual Report 2010: Agroforestry and markets. Yaounde,
Cameroon
Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source in
acknowledged. No part of this publication may be reproduced for resale or other commercial purposes.
The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without
written permission of the source.
AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT iii
Contents
About the ICRAF-West and Central Africa......................................................................................................................v
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................vi
Group Sales and Marketing Performance of Kola in North West Region of Cameroon...................................................8
Introduction and background.................................................................................................................................................................................8
The case study- MIFACIG.........................................................................................................................................................................................9
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Ricinodendron heudelotii (njansang) group sales:
A possibility to increase benefits from AFTPs to farmers................................................................................................13
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Inventory of Non-timber Forest Products of plant origin sold in Kinshasa, DR Congo......................................................18
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................18
More than chocolate: Diversifying cocoa agroforests for higher profitability in Cameroon.............................................24
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Methodology..........................................................................................................................................................................................................25
Contribution of parkland trees to farmers’ livelihoods – case study from Mali................................................................29
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................29
2010 Publications.........................................................................................................................................................33
Peer-reviewed scientific articles.............................................................................................................................................................................33
Books, Book chapters and Proceedings.................................................................................................................................................................34
Reports.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
Other publications...................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Posters......................................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Policy briefs..............................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Student’s dissertations............................................................................................................................................................................................40
iv AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT
About the ICRAF-West and Central Africa
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)West and Central Africa (WCA) region is an integration of the former
Sahel and African Humid Tropical regions, realised in 2006. At present, these regions are being referred to
as nodes. The WCA region covers a vast geographical area made of 21 countries with a population of about
340 million people and covers a surface area of about 1200 million hectares.
It has two major agro-ecological zones namely: the Sahelian zone, which is a semi-arid landscape stretching
from Chad to Senegal, and the Humid Tropics spreading along the coast and extending to the central part of
Africa.
The region’s activities are carried out in the Sahel and in the Humid Tropics zones.
(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:41)(cid:1163)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:193)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)
which aim to enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers through increased income and non-income
(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:192)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:17)
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Sahel Node
(cid:58)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:73)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:72) BP E5118, Bamako, Mali
P. O. Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon Tel: [phone]
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail:[email protected] Email: [email protected]
Côte d’Ivoire Kinshasa- DRC
08 BP 1114 Abidjan 08, Cote d’Ivoire Avenue des cliniques 13, Gombe,
Tel: [phone] Tél: [phone]
Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected]
(cid:49)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:73)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)
P O Box 1698 Oko, Benin City,
Tel: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT v
Foreword
Agroforestry putting smiles on the
faces of farmers
By Dr Zac Tchoundjeu, Regional Coordinator, ICRAF West and Central
Africa
For the last ten years scientists across ICRAF (cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)
West and Central Africa region have been we are delighted to see thousands of farmers in
working relentlessly to provide answers to the region using this approach to domesticate
some of the problems facing local communities a wide range of high-value indigenous fruit
especially in the domain of marketing of trees and medicinal plants. With this approach,
agroforestry tree products which we strongly farmers are able to integrate selected trees with
believe holds great prospects for poverty known characteristics into different cropping
alleviation. Due to hard work, commitment and systems. By so doing, we are achieving the
emphasis on quality science, we are seeing the (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)
fruits of our years of research. We are happy that management of the Congo Basin, which loses
the region has made giant strides in the domain about 1.49 million hectares of forest each year.
of vegetative propagation and marketing of
Agroforestry tree products, and we do not intend (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:192)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)
to stop or lie on our laurels. work on a cracking machine for Njansang
(Ricinodendron heudelottii). In fact fruits from
Millions of people across WCA rely on cash this species are labour intensive for our farmers
crops like cocoa, coffee, cotton and rubber for when extracting the value kernels from the
their livelihoods. As years go the small scale hard coke. Thanks to Mushagalusa Tele, a
farmers increasingly become vulnerable due Douala-based engineer we were able develop
(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:193)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) a Njansang cracking machine which famers
world market. Despite their hard work, poverty intensively use today.
and hunger are still part and parcel of their daily
lives. To be able to break the yoke of poverty, we This was particularly relevant since farmers
introduced and developed the innovative concept were hitherto producing Njansang only for home
of Participatory Tree Domestication (PTD) in the consumption whereas there is a large market
region. Put simply, PTD refers to the means by in the cities. We had to look for ways to help
which rural communities select, propagate and them in that direction. And on 1st April 2010 six
manage trees according to their own needs, in Njansang cracking machines were donated to
partnership with scientists, civic authorities and six farmer groups in Centre, South and East
commercial companies. It is usually oriented regions of Cameroon. The acquisition of these
(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) machines put smiles on the faces of thousands
use of both indigenous knowledge and genetic of women in the forest zone of Cameroon who in
vi AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT
the past sustained injuries due to the very labour livelihood of local population clearly indicates that
intensive nature of cracking Njansang manually, many farmers could easily send their children
using sharp and dangerous objects. What used to secondary schools and even universities
to take them several weeks to crack manually is (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)
now a matter of minutes with the machines. The compared to the situation before involving in
handing over of the Njansang cracking machines Participatory Tree Domestication. Most farmers
was the crowning of a long relationship with the have rebuilt their houses, some have bought
local population. motor bicycles or acquire radio or television,
indicating that their standards of living have
In the area of marketing, farmers have been changed for the better. Thus, more smile on their
mobilised to embark on group marketing for faces.
some Agroforestry Tree Products like Kola and
Njansang. Market Information Systems which These achievements would not have been
provide price and quality information to farmers possible without the sincere commitment of our
and traders have also been introduced in certain partners in the front-line the many NGOs and
parts of the Cameroon. These developments farmer organisations who work relentlessly to
have led to considerable improvement in market disseminate the results of our research
access and increase in income for poor rural
farmers. This is expected to continue in other This is the opportunity to express our deep
parts of Cameroon and also in the Democratic gratitude to the main donors IFAD, USDA, the
Republic of Congo. Belgian Development Cooperation, EU, CFC,
DANIDA and BMZ for their continuous support.
Considerable work has been done on the We are also grateful to our strategic partners
commercialisation of irvingia spp, Gnetum particularly the NARS of Cameroon, Democratic
africanum, honey, safou and cola spp. Similar Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Mali,
work is on priority indigenous fruit trees and Senegal, Burkina Faso and different universities
medicinal plants in DRC, Nigeria and Mali. of the region for their great collaboration.
Assessment of the impact of PTD on the
AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT vii
Group Sales and Marketing Performance of Kola in North West
Region of Cameroon
Producers selecting Kola nuts in preparation for group sales
By Amos Gyau, Zac Tchoundjeu, Divine Foundjain-Tita, Ebenezer Asaah
and Charlie Mbosso
Introduction and background
Kola (Cola Spp) is an important crop for people establishments of new and strengthening of
living in the North West Region of Cameroon. existing farming groups as a means to enhance
The crop is used for a number of purposes farmers’ market access through group marketing
including food, medicine, art work and sold to and extension market related innovation activities
generate income. Given the importance of this in many parts of Cameroon (Facheaux et al,
crop, there is a pressing need to improve its 2006).
management base so as to increase productivity
(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:192)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) This article assesses the effect of group sales
manner to rural communities who are mostly on the marketing performance of Kola using the
smallholder farmers. Collective Action Theory (CAT) as a framework
for analysis. The article recommends strategies
Market access proponents argue that for small for future implementation of collective action
holders to thrive in a global economy there activities by managers of Governmental and Non
is the need to shift the focus from production Governmental Organisations working to improve
based programmes to that of marketing based farmers’ livelihoods. Twantoh Mixed Farming
interventions (Barham and Chitemi, 2009). In Common Initiative Group (MIFACIG) was used
tune with this perception, much development
related programmes have facilitated the
8 AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT
as case study for this research. previous studies on collective action of farmers
A qualitative research approach is used to obtain such as Barham and Chitemi (2009) which are
in depth information about the operations of the predominantly quantitative in nature. In view of
farmer groups in the selected villages. the limitations of traditional quantitative bases for
knowledge (Goulding, 1998, Somogyi et al, 2010),
The methodology is clearly delineated from the the qualitative research approach which is adopted
The case study- MIFACIG
for this study is quite relevant. and the American Peace Corps.
This article examines the effects of group sales Since the year 2005 the association has embarked
on the marketing performance of Kola using on group sales in which they sell products including
the case of Twantoh Mixed Farming Common kola. The main objective of the group is to better
Initiative Group (MIFACIG) in the North West access markets and improve their livelihoods.
region of Cameroon. MIFACIG is a farmer group
created in November 1993 with the objective
Theoretical framework-The collective
of alleviating poverty through sustainable
agriculture, job creation and capacity building. action theory
The groups’ headquarters is in Belo and its The main theoretical framework adopted for our
activities are spread out in all 4 sub-divisions analysis is the Collective Action Theory (CAT). By
of the Boyo division in the North West region.
(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:192)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)
Its area of intervention in terms of land size is group (either directly or on its behalf through an
estimated at about 85 square kilometres with organization) in pursuit of members’ perceived
varying radii of between 11 and 45 km from
(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:192)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)
Belo. Membership is estimated to comprise action as a coordinated behaviour of a group
about 40 individuals divided into two categories towards a common interest or purpose.
namely Capacity building members and Lay We adopt the collective action model by Barham and
members Chitemi (2009) as shown in Figure 1 as a basis for
our analysis. According to the model, farmer groups
A nine-man team heads the executive bureau of are represented under a social structure.
the group. MIFACIG is a member of a union of
40 common initiative groups under the umbrella This includes a number of factors affecting a
ITFU (Ijim Trees Farmers Union). group’s ability to enact successful collective action
(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:1163)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:192)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)
The activities of MIFACIG are centred on: composition and characteristics. The Partner
agroforestry, bee-keeping, growing of medicinal Agencies (PAs) intervene to enhance human capital
plants, domestication of fruits and agroforestry in the form of marketing skills, business acumen and
species, environmental protection, gender other training. The PAs also provide some groups
and development. Its main partners as of now with market linkages to other chain actors.
include ICRAF, Support Services for Grassroot
Initiative for Development (SAILD), International The model further reveals that farmer groups also
Circle for the Promotion of Creation (CIPCRE), carry out collective action initiatives without linkages
AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT 9
(cid:116) Physical access to markets
(cid:116) Agro-ecological factors
(cid:116) Farming systems
Farmers groups
Performance outcomes
(cid:116) Group composition Collective
and characteristics Action (cid:116) Improved market
(cid:116) Group assets Initiatives situations and positive
livelihood outcomes.
P A Intervention Market Chain Actors
Figure 1: Model of Collective action (Adapted from Barham and Chitemi, 2009)
In analysing our research objective, we adapt the collective action framework by
Barham and Chitemi (2009).
from the PA. The performance outcomes marketing performance which includes the
represent the extent to which groups have number of farmers involved in the group sales,
improved their market situation and results in (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:193)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:1163)(cid:86)(cid:3)
positive livelihood outcomes. negotiation abilities and the quantity of products
sold by existing members.
Methodology
PA intervention was taken to be the intervention
by ICRAF and other NGOs working in the area.
Operationalising the model Therefore, in the subsequent parts of the paper,
we will examine how in the context of MIFACIG,
(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:42)(cid:50)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:193)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)
To operationalise the Barham and Chitemi 2009 (cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:193)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)
model for the case of MIFACIG, a qualitative improving quantity of kola sold, price perceptions
research methodology was adopted. Our main and the number of farmers involved. The
focus was to examine the main antecedents method used for operationalising all the variables
of the collective action in the study area which involved in the model is farmers perceptions
according to the model is determined by the based on the recall of pre and post intervention
social structure. Subsequently, we also examine situations.
the effects of collective action on the marketing
performance.
Sample selection
In operationalising the model, social structure
was assessed using variables such as education,
Data was collected from farmers involved in the
social capital and group assets. Collective
(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:41)(cid:36)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:192)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)
action was undertaken to be the group sales
Villages in the project areas were selected so
by the farmers. As our objective is to examine
as to have a spatial representation of the entire
(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:193)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)
project area in the region. Next, the villages
performance, performance outcome as shown
with the highest number of farmer groups was
in the model was conceptualised to be the
10 AGROFORESTRY AND MARKETS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT