PDF FULL TEXT - World Agroforestry Centre

188 Pages·2006·6.96 MB·English

The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), established in
1978, is an autonomous, non-profit organization whose purpose is to help
mitigate tropical deforestation, land depletion and rural poverty through
improved agroforestry systems. ICRAF's objectives focus on conducting strategic
and applied research, in partnership with national institutions, aimed at
developing appropriate agroforestry technologies for more sustainable and
productive land use. The Centre seeks to strengthen national capacities to conduct
agroforestry research by encouraging inter-institutional collaboration and
promoting the dissemination of information through training, education,
documentation and communication activities.
ICRAF is governed by a board of trustees, which has equal representation
from developed and developing countries. Since May 1991, ICRAF has become
a full member of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR). Established in 1971, the CGIAR is an association of about 50 countries,
international and regional organizations, and private foundations working
together to support agricultural and forestry research around the world. The
World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are co-sponsors of this
effort.
ICRAF and its global research and dissemination programmes are made
possible by generous funding from, in descending order: Canada, Sweden the
United States of America, Germany, the Netherlands, the World Bank, Japan,
Switzerland, the Ford Foundation, Norway, the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), the Rockefeller Foundation, Ireland, France, the International
Development Research Centre (IDRC), the United Kingdom, the African
Development Bank (ADB), Austria, the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), Australia, Denmark, the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD), the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB), Indonesia,
Spain and Mexico. Assistance also comes from many other governments, centres
and agencies around the world where ICRAF work is being carried out.
AGROFORESTRY
EXTENSION MANUAL
FOR KENYA
Bo Tengnas
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN AGROFORESTRY
1994
© International Centre for Research in Agroforestry 1994
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written
permission from the copyright owner.
Correct citation:
Tengnas B. 1994. Agroforestry extension manual for Kenya. Nairobi: International Centre
for Research in Agroforestry.
Agroforestry; communication; extension; multipurpose trees; land use
Published by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P O Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
Printed by English Press, P O Box 30127, Nairobi, Kenya
UDC: 634.0.26:374.6(676.2) ISBN 92 9059 116 1
CONTENTS
List of case reports vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Sources of illustrations xii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. The concepts of agroforestry and extension 1
1.2. Introduction to this book. 4
2. The historical setting 6
2.1. The history of land use in Kenya 6
2.2. Increased pressure on land 8
2.3. Trends in tree growing outside gazetted forests 8
3. Farming systems in Kenya and their agroforestry potential 12
3.1. Kenya's ecological diversity 12
3.2. Farming systems and their agroforestry potential 14
4 The role of trees in land use 22
4.1. Products and services derived from agroforestry systems 22
4.2. Food and nutrition 23
4.3. Woodfuel and efforts to reduce consumption 30
4.4. Trees for shelter and other structures 41
4.5. Trees for medicine 47
4.6. Other products from trees 48
4.7. Trees for cash, savings and investment 49
4.8. Trees and agriculture 52
4.9. Trees and livestock including beekeeping 52
4.10. Trees and climate 59
5. Interaction between trees and crops 61
5.1. General on interaction 61
5.2. How trees improve soil 61
5.3. Adverse effects of trees on soils 67
5.4. Competition for moisture by the roots 68
5.5. Shade 69
5.6. Pests and diseases 69
6. The crop component 72
6.1. Factors of importance for interaction with trees 72
6.2. Some important crops in relation to agroforestry 72
7. The tree component 83
7.1. Factors of importance 83
7.2. Criteria for a good agroforestry tree 83
7.3. Tree management 87
8. Some agroforestry practices in Kenya 97
8.1. Introduction 97
8.2. Trees dispersed in cropland 97
8.3. Trees on boundaries 99
8.4. Live fences and hedges 101
8.5. Trees on soil conservation structures 103
8.6. Improved fallows 105
8.7. Trees along roads and paths 106
8.8. Alley cropping 108
8.9. Trees as windbreaks 110
v
8.10. Trees in homesteads and around schools 111
8.11. Woodlots 114
8.12. Fodderlots 116
8.13. Trees in rangeland 117
8.14. Trees along streams and rivers 118
8.15. Trees in gullies 119
9. Tree propagation methods 121
9.1. Existing methods 121
9.2. Use of wildings 122
9.3. Direct seed sowing at the desired site 122
9.4. Cuttings 125
9.5. On farm nurseries 128
9.6. Group, school and central nurseries 131
9.7. Tree-planting techniques 132
9.8. Tree planting in ASAL areas 134
9.9. Tree planting in waterlogged areas 135
10. Seed 136
10.1. Obtaining tree seed 136
10.2. Seed provenances 136
10.3. Selection of mother trees 136
10.4. Time for seed collection 137
10.5. Local seed collection 137
10.6. Seed from central institutions 139
10.7. Seed extraction 140
10.8. Seed storage 141
10.9. Pre-sowing treatment 141
11. Socio-economic issues in agroforestry 144
11.1. Introduction 144
11.2. Tenure 144
11.3. Gender 146
11.4. Other cultural factors 148
11.5. Policy issues and legislation 148
11.6 Economics of agroforestry 149
12. Extension 150
12.1. The role of the extension worker 150
12.2. Extension planning and communication techniques 152
12.3. Extension methods 152
12.4. Agroforestry extension approaches in Kenya 157
13. Monitoring and evaluation 160
14. Agroforestry research in Kenya: an overview 163
14.1. The development of agroforestry research in Kenya 163
14.2. ICRAF, AFRENA and collaborating institutions 163
14.3. ICRAF's research station at Machakos 155
14.4. KEFRI/KARI/ICRAF Maseno National Agroforestry Research
Centre 156
14.5. KARI/KEFRI/ICRAF Agroforestry Research Project, Embu . . 167
14.6. KEFRI/KARI/NDFSRS/MIDP/ICRAF Dryland Agroforestry
Research Project, Kakuyuni 168
14.7. KEFRI and KARI 168
14.8. Other organizations involved in agroforestry research 169
14.9. Discussion of research findings 170
References 172
VI
LIST OF CASE REPORTS
1. Nutritious trees 26
2. Trees for food in a semi-arid area of Turkana 28
3. Fruit production in a high-potential area 29
4. Trees for food in a semi-arid area of West Pokot 30
5. Food from coconuts 31
6. Fuelwood production from Grevillea planted along boundaries 33
7. Fuelwood production from Sesbania sesban 33
8. Woodlots of Acacia mearnsii 34
9. Kenya Woodfuel and Agroforestry Project (KWAP) 34
10. Interview with a fuelwood save 38
11. Use of an improved institutional stove at Kubukubu Memorial
Boarding School 39
12. Tree growing at Murray Hill Secondary School 40
13. Pole production from Markhamia 43
14. Grevillea for timber production 43
15. Hedges of Croton megalocarpus 45
16. Another farmer with hedges 46
17. Trees for medicine 47
18. Trees for many uses 48
19. Mango production for market 49
20. Avocado production for market 50
21. Fruit production for sale 50
22. Coconut for cash 51
23. Tree fodder in ASAL 53
24. The importance of diversity in cattle feed 54
25. Calliandra for fodder 56
26. Trees for supplementary feed in ASAL 57
27. Side pruning of Grevillea 88
28. Coppicing for fodder in ASAL 89
29. Pollarding different species 91
30. Pollarding Grevillea robusta 91
31. Managing the shoots from stools 92
32. Coppicing Cassia spectabilis and Markhamia lutea for poles and fito ... 93
33. Coppicing techniques for Markhamia 93
34. Root pruning to minimize competition 95
35. Management of coconut trees 96
36. Natural regeneration of trees in West Pokot 123
37. Use of wildings in Embu 123
38. Direct sowing of an Acacia mearnsii woodlot 125
39. Direct sowing of a Croton megalocarpus hedge 125
40. Propagation of coconut 126
vii
PREFACE
Agroforestry has received much attention in recent development efforts in rural
Kenya. This has been reflected in numerous projects during the last decade that
were aimed at supporting the tree-growing efforts of local people. Several
ministries have been involved, notably the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), the
Ministry of Energy (MoE), and the Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources (MoENR). The efforts of the various government extension services
have been complemented by the non-governmental organization (NGO)
community.
Two National Agroforestry Seminars were organized during the 1980s and
at these occasions, as well as at numerous other workshops and seminars, the
need for training and extension materials was stressed. The Second National
Agroforestry Seminar, which was held in 1988, was co-organized by ICRAF
within the framework of the Kenya Agroforestry for Development in Kenya
project. This two and a half year project aimed at synthesizing experiences gained
in agroforestry extension in Kenya and to develop relevant training materials for
extension workers. An experienced project leader, Dr Amare Getahun, was hired
and worked in close collaboration with representatives from the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the Kenya
Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), and the Regional Soil Conservation Unit
(RSCU) which is part of the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)
office in Nairobi.
The main materials that resulted from the project are:
- A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs for Kenya: Notes on Their Propagation and
Management for Use by Agricultural and Pastoral Communities, ICRAF, 1992.
- Agroforestry for Development in Kenya: An Annotated Bibliography, ICRAF, 1991.
Further efforts made by the ministries and KEFRI, in collaboration with
RSCU, resulted in two other books published by RSCU:
- Curriculum for In-Service Training in Agroforestry and Related Subjects in Kenya,
RSCU 1992.
- Guidelines for Agroforestry Extension Planning in Kenya, RSCU, 1993.
All the publications mentioned above are complementary to each other.
With the completion of this extension guide it is hoped that extension
officers, both in government service and in the NGO sector, will now have access
to a set of books that covers the field of agroforestry in Kenya. We hope that the
books will prove useful to all extension officers in their vital work of helping the
farmers and pastoralists who manage Kenya's land and vegetation resources.
At the time of writing (mid-1992), the US dollar was worth approximately
KSh 30.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A large number of individuals and organizations have contributed in various
ways to the production of this publication.
Mr F.W. Mbote of the Soil and Water Conservation Branch (SWCB), Ministry
of Agriculture, played a key role in collecting the data for the Case Reports. He
has made useful suggestions on how to improve the earlier drafts. Mrs K.
Fahlstrom of SWCB also reviewed an earlier draft and made a significant
contribution to the final book.
The manuscript was technically reviewed by several ICRAF researchers,
namely:
Dr Habib Ibrahim, ICRAF, Nairobi
Mr J. Beniest, ICRAF, Nairobi
Dr F. Place, ICRAF, Nairobi
Dr S. Minae, ICRAF, Malawi
Dr A. Temu, ICRAF, Nairobi
Dr D. Ngugi, ICRAF, Malawi
Dr F. Owino, ICRAF, Nairobi
Various other people have reviewed or contributed to different sections of
the text. Among those I would like to mention are:
Mr P. Mung'ala, Director of Forestry, MoENR, Nairobi
Mr L.I. Mwarasomba, SWCB, MoA
Mr B. Hansson, ICRAF, later SIDA/RSCU
Staff of the Bellerive Foundation, Nairobi
Mrs N.A. Chavangi, Changwe Consultants, Nairobi
Mr P. Maundu, The Herbarium, Museums of Kenya
Dr M. Nicholson, Consultant, Nairobi
Mr Wangwe Baraza, FESD, MoENR, Nairobi
Apart from Mr Mbote of MoA, the following people also contributed data
for Case Reports:
Mr E.N. Oluoch, SWCB, MoA (reports from Turkana and West Pokot)
Mrs M.W. Murithi (on energy conservation in Embu District)
Mr P. Maundu (on nutritious trees)
Staff of the Bellerive Foundation (on energy conservation at the coast)
Dr H.P. Liniger, Laikipia Research Programme (on root pruning to minimize
competition).
Under the project "Agroforestry for Development in Kenya", implemented
by ICRAF and funded by SIDA, attempts were made to produce an agroforestry
manual for Kenya. Ideas generated during that project have proved useful in the
current work. Main discussion partners at that time were Mrs Loice Omoro and
Mrs Alice Kaudia.
Basic data on current agroforestry research in Kenya were collected by Mrs
M. Berlekom, consultant, Nairobi.
x
Copy editing, design, layout and typesetting were done by Caroline Agola.
The cover was designed and prepared by Damary Odanga.
A few illustrations were drawn specially for this book by Boniface Agar.
However, most of the illustrations have been taken from the other sources listed
on page xii.
Some sections of the text are based on other publications: these sources are
indicated at the appropriate places.
Without the contributions of farmers and other people who were interviewed
and who willingly shared their experiences for inclusion in the Case Reports this
publication could not have been developed.
I am grateful for all these contributions.
Finally I am most grateful to Dr Habib Ibrahim and Dr Ester Zulberti of
ICRAF for their support and encouragement.
B. Tengnas
XI