Patriotic Cooperation: The Border Services of the Church of Christ in China and Chinese Church-State Relations, 1920s to 1950s

417 Pages·2017·3.001 MB·English

by  Diana Junio

Patriotic Cooperation
Religion in Chinese Societies
Edited by
Kenneth Dean (National University of Singapore)
Richard Madsen (University of California, San Diego)
David Palmer (University of Hong Kong)
VOLUME 12
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rics
Patriotic Cooperation
The Border Services of the Church of Christ in China
and Chinese Church-State Relations, 1920s–1950s
By
Diana Junio
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Cover illustration: Bianjiang fuwu. Courtesy of Church of Christ in China Border Service Department
Records, Special Collections, Yale Divinity Library.
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To my family

Contents
Acknowledgments ix
List of Tables XI
List of Illustrations XII
Conventions and Abbreviations XIII
Introduction 1
1 The Establishment of the Church of Christ in China 28
2 From Petition to Cooperation 61
3 The Cooperative Creation of the Border Service Department 102
4 Serving the Border Peoples with a Wartime Agenda 148
5 The Challenges and New Focus in the Bsd’s Postwar Services 209
6 Embedding Evangelism within the Border Service Programs 256
7 Different Regimes, the Same Patriotism 295
Conclusion 344
Bibliography 359
Index 392

Acknowledgments
Although the writing of Patriotic Cooperation was a solitary activity, I would
not have been able to complete this book without the help of numerous people
to whom I am grateful. My first thanks go to Edward McCord of the George
Washington University. Dr. McCord was a great mentor who encouraged, sup-
ported, and inspired me daily to realize the enduring dreams I conceived on
my first day of doctoral study at the George Washington University, includ-
ing the writing of books. After my graduation in 2011, he continuously advised
me throughout the progression of my writing of this book. He reviewed my
entire manuscript, and offered invaluable comments and suggestions. I was
very lucky to have Dr. McCord as my Ph.D. advisor!
I am thankful to Joseph Tse-Hei Lee of Pace University. As a historian also
taking an interest in the history of Chinese Christianity, Dr. Lee introduced to
me rich primary and secondary sources for this book. He thoroughly reviewed
the manuscript and offered useful comments that were helpful in refining
my book. Ronald Spector of the George Washington University deserves my
immense gratitude as well. In the midst of writing his own book, Dr. Spector
carefully reviewed my manuscript, and offered insightful feedback, which
assisted me in elevating this book to another level. I thank Dr. Spector for his
time and effort.
I want to express my appreciation to Richard Madsen. In July 2015, while
attending a three-week NEH Summer Seminar, “America and China: 150 Years
of Aspirations and Encounters,” at Calvin College, I had the privilege of dis-
cussing my manuscript with Dr. Madsen. As an expert on Chinese religions,
his comments and suggestions were instrumental in stimulating my ideas in
writing the concluding chapter of Patriotic Cooperation. I am indebted to Dr.
Madsen. I have also been graced by the beneficent suggestions and critiques
from twelve other participants at this seminar, especially Drs. Dong Wang and
Gloria Tseng. Additionally, I want to thank the National Endowment for the
Humanities for awarding me the opportunity to attend the seminar, during
which I met and shared thoughts with some fine scholars from across America.
During the writing of this book, the kind assistance of many librarians
and archivists both in the United States and in China was vital. I am thank-
ful to the librarians and archivists at the Presbyterian Historical Society, the
Yale Divinity School Library, Chongqing Municipal Library, Nanjing Municipal
Library, Sichuan Provincial Archives, Chongqing Municipal Archives, Yunnan
Provincial Archives, Guizhou Provincial Archives, Shanghai Municipal
Archives, Guiyang Municipal Archives, and the Second Historical Archives
x acknowledgments
of China. Without their valuable assistance, this book would not have been
possible. Although these librarians and archivists are too numerous to all be
named individually, I must especially acknowledge Martha Smalley, Special
Collections Librarian at the Yale Divinity School Library, who provided me
with invaluable information and feedback on the Border Service Department
(BSD) established in 1939 during China’s war with Japan—the subject of
this book.
I am grateful to Yang Tianhong of Sichuan University for giving me some
of his research materials of the BSD, in which he had also been interested.
Dr. Yang made efforts to collect materials on the BSD from Liangshan Prefectural
Archives and Aba Prefectural Archives before they were damaged in the 2008
Sichuan Earthquake. While doing my dissertation research in Sichuan in the
Summer and Fall of 2008, Dr. Yang shared with me the BSD documents that
he obtained from these two archives. Dr. Yang’s documents were absolutely
essential to my understanding of the full story of the BSD. I am also apprecia-
tive of another scholar in Sichuan, Dr. Deng Jie, who also researched the BSD
and shared some materials with me.
For writing this book, I had to make a few research trips in the United States
and China. A number of grants were inextricably vital to the success of these
research trips. I want to express my sincere thanks to Regent University and the
Sigur Center of Asian Studies of the George Washington University for award-
ing me grants that enabled me to conduct research in more than ten archives
and libraries for this book. My gratitude also goes to Drs. Shawn McHale, Gregg
Brazinsky, Benjamin Hopkins, Bruce Dickson, Gerson Moreno-Riano, Josh
McMullen, Paul Bonicelli, Amos Yang, and Diane Chandler.
I thank the anonymous reviewers for their incisive reading of my manuscript,
their judicious comments and encouraging words. Due to their comments and
suggestions, I was able to produce a stronger manuscript. I am grateful to my
editors at Brill. Qin Higley, Victoria Menson and Judy Pereira, thank you all for
your editorial assistance, patience, and enthusiastic support for this book proj-
ect. I hope and trust we will cooperate again in the near future!
Finally, I want to say “thank you” to my wonderful husband, Dean Junio, who
incessantly cheers for me in all my endeavors, from the writing of this book to
singing songs, which I enjoy thoroughly. I love you, Dean!
Diana Junio
Washington DC
December 2016