Page iii Pathways from the Culture of Addiction to the Culture of Recovery A Travel Guide for Addiction Professionals Second Edition William L. White HAZELDEN® Hazelden Center City, Minnesota 550120176 1990, 1996 by William L. White All rights reserved. Second edition published by Hazelden 1996 First edition published 1990 by Lighthouse Training Institute Printed in the United States of America The SelfAssessment Instrument in appendix A may be reproduced for therapeutic use No other portion of this publication may be reproduced in any manner without the written permission of the publisher 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data White, William L., 1947 Pathways : from the culture of addiction to the culture of recovery: a travel guide for addiction professions / William L. White.—2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: The culture of addiction / William L. White. 1990. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1568381239 1. Substance abuse—Treatment—Social aspects. 2. Substance abuse— Social aspects. I. White, William L., 1947—Culture of addiction. II. Title. RC564.W53 1996 962446 616.86—dc20 CIP Editor's Note Hazelden offers a variety of information on chemical dependency and related areas. Our publications do not necessarily represent Hazelden's programs, nor do they officially organization. All the stories in this book are based on actual experiences. The names and details have been changed to protect the privacy of the people involved. In some cases, composites have been created. The following publishers have generously given permission to use material from copyrighted works: "When One Is Too Many" written by Peter Alsop. Song taken from the recording 1985 Moose School Music (BMI), contact (800) 676 5480. Moose School Records, Box 960, Topanga, CA 90290. From Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces, third edition, ©1973. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press. Page v This book is dedicated to the alcoholics and addicts who have touched my life over the past twentyeight years. To those whose discovery of freedom has brought me great joy and to those whose con tinued selfdestruction has pained me deeply, you have been my best teachers. Page vi Hazelden Publishing and Education is a division of the Hazelden Foundation, a notforprofit organization. Since 1949, Hazelden has been a leader in promoting the dignity and treatment of people afflicted with the disease of chemical dependency. The mission of the foundation is to improve the quality of life for individuals, families, and communities by providing a national continuum of information, education, and recovery services that are widely accessible; to advance the field through research and training; and to improve our quality and effectiveness through continuous improvement and innovation. Stemming from that, the mission of the publishing division is to provide quality information and support to people wherever they may be in their personal journey—from education and early intervention, through treatment and recovery, to personal and spiritual growth. Although our treatment programs do not necessarily use everything Hazelden publishes, our bibliotherapeutic materials support our mission and the Twelve Step philosophy upon which it is based. We encourage your comments and feedback. The headquarters of the Hazelden Foundation is in Center City, Minnesota. Additional treatment facilities are located in Chicago, Illinois; New York, New York; Plymouth, Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota; and West Palm Beach, Florida. At these sites, we provide a continuum of care for men and women of all ages. Our Plymouth facility is designed specifically for youth and families. For more information on Hazelden, please call 18002577800. Or you may access our World Wide Web site on the Internet at http://www.Hazelden.org. Page vii CONTENTS Dedication v Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Prologue xxiii Part I The Culture of Addiction Chapter 1. 3 Cultural Aspects of Addiction 1.1 Pilgrims and Pathways 3 1.2 Culture of Addiction Defined 4 1.3 The "Species" of Addiction 6 1.4 Culture as an Initiating Force 8 1.5 Culture as a Sustaining Force 9 1.6 Styles and Intensity of Cultural Involvement 10 1.7 The Acultural Addict 10 1.8 The Culturally Enmeshed Addict 12 1.9 The Bicultural Addict 14 Chapter 2. 17 Organization of the Culture of Addiction 2.1 Tribal Networks 17 2.2 Tribal Selection Based on Drug Choice 18 Celebrated Drugs 19 Tolerated Drugs 19 Instrumental Drugs 19 Prohibited Drugs 20 2.3 The Celebrated Drug Tribes 21 2.4 The Instrumental Drug Tribes 24 2.5 The Tolerated Drug Tribes 27 2.6 The Prohibited Drug Tribes 28 Quality Control 29 Drug Dosage 29 Page viii Screening Out HighRisk Users 30 Withholding Technology That Could Reduce Risks 30 2.7 Relationship to Other Deviant Cultures 32 Chapter 3. 35 The Psychosocial and Technical Functions of the Culture of Addiction 3.1 Identity and SelfEsteem 36 3.2 Transforming Stigma to Status: Identity in the Illicit Drug Culture 39 3.3 Adolescent Needs and the Culture of Addiction 41 3.4 How to Use 44 3.5 Learning to Experience the Drug 46 3.6 Skills to Sustain Addiction 47 Chapter 4. 51 Core Elements in the Culture of Addiction 4.1 Language 51 4.2 Religion, Morality, and Values 53 4.3 Symbols 56 4.4 Rituals 57 4.5 History and Mythology 59 4.6 Institutions (Places) 60 4.7 Dress/Appearance 61 4.8 Diet/Food 62 4.9 Music 63 4.10 Art 64 4.11 Literature 64 FirstPerson Accounts of Addiction 65 Technical Books on Drugs and Drug Effects 65 The Recipe Books 65 The Law Books 65 The Promotional Journals 65 4.12 Visual Media 66 4.13 Work and Leisure 69 4.14 Sexuality 73 Sexual Trauma 73 Sexual Orientation 74 Page ix Sexual Values 74 Sexual Shame and Guilt 75 Sexual Dysfunction 75 4.15 Family Relationships 75 4.16 Social Relationships 78 4.17 Time Orientation 79 4.18 Violence 81 4.19 Death 82 Chapter 5. 85 Core Activities 5.1 The Myth of Addiction as an Escapist Lifestyle 85 5.2 Hustling 86 5.3 Copping 93 5.4 Getting Off 95 5.5 Avoiding Busts, Burns, Ripoffs, and Hassles 96 5.6 Core Activities and Personality Adaptation 98 Chapter 6. 103 Key Cultural Roles 6.1 The Dealers 103 6.2 The High Priests 105 6.3 The Storytellers 106 6.4 The Medicine Men and Midwives 107 6.5 The Jailhouse Lawyers 108 6.6 The Ambassadors 109 6.7 The Gangsters 110 6.8 The Nonaddicted Hustlers 111 6.9 The Addict with Money and Fame 112 6.10 The WorkingClass Addicts 113 6.11 The Weekend Players 113 6.12 The PseudoJunkies 114 6.13 The Pledges 115 6.14 The "Crazies" 116 6.15 The Marks 117 6.16 The Man 118 6.17 The Snitches 118 6.18 The Protectors 119 Page x 6.19 The Cultural Rejects 121 6.20 The Profiteers 122 6.21 Summary: Cultural Roles and the Treatment Process 122 Chapter 7. 125 Career Milestones in the Culture of Addiction 7.1 Joining the Culture: Initiation Rites 126 7.2 Chipping: The Period of Controlled Use 129 7.3 Justifying Usage: Ideological Beliefs 135 7.4 The Change in Identity 136 Preoccupation with Denial 136 Preoccupation with Acceptance 137 7.5 Letting Go of the Other World 137 7.6 Developing Status and Reputation in the Culture 137 7.7 Learning to Hustle 138 7.8 Kicking: The Testing of Control 138 7.9 Escaping and Reframing Consequences 140 7.10 Getting Busted and Doing Time 140 7.11 Doing Treatment 142 Gambits to Avoid Treatment 142 Scoping Out the Program 145 Demonstrating Motivation 145 Hustling Medication 146 Assessing Your Counselor 146 The Best Rationalizations for Why Past Treatment Didn't Work 147 The Art of Compliance 149 The Best Defense Is a Good Offense 151 Creating Diversions 154 The SelfHelp Critic 157 Doing Treatment, Sustaining Addiction 158 7.12 Pathways Out of the Culture of Addiction 160 Death 161 Psychiatric Impairment 162 Criminality 163 Spontaneous Remission 163 Maturing Out 165 Getting Religion 166 Page xi The "Super ExDopeFiend Folk Hero" 167 Treatment/Recovery 169 The Question of Controlled Use 169 7.13 Summary: The Culture as Cult 172 Part II The Culture of Recovery Chapter 8. 175 The Culture of Addiction and the Treatment Process 8.1 The Culture of Addiction as an Assessment Component 175 Cultural Assessment at Intake 176 Collateral Interview 177 SelfAssessment Techniques 177 The Social Network Diagram 178 Identifying the Bicultural Style of Addiction 181 8.2 The Culture of Addiction and the Choice of Treatment Modalities 181 Emergence of the MultipleProblem Client and Family 183 MultipleProblem Clients in a Categorically Segregated Service 184 System A Transitional Model of Intervention 185 Enmeshed Addicts in Treatment: Past, Present, and Future 185 8.3 Methadone and the Culture of Addiction 188 8.4 Engaging the Client through Cultural and Personal Identification 190 8.5 Sustaining the Motivational Crisis 193 PainBased Interventions 193 HopeBased Interventions 196 8.6 Addressing Secondary Drug Use 200 A Model of Risk 201 Analysis of Drug Use History 202 Focusing on Secondary Drugs in the Intervention Process 204
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