Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease

1323 Pages·2015·17.8 MB·English

by  Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh

Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh
Pitchai Balakumar
Editors
Khin Maung-U
Pathophysiology and
Pharmacotherapy
of Cardiovascular
Disease
Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy
of Cardiovascular Disease

Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh • Pitchai Balakumar
Khin Maung-U
Editors
Pathophysiology
and Pharmacotherapy
of Cardiovascular Disease
Adis
Editors
Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh Khin Maung-U
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Division of Cardiovascular Division of Cardiovascular
and Renal Products and Renal Products
US Food and Drug Administration US Food and Drug Administration
Silver Spring , MD Silver Spring , MD
USA USA
Pitchai Balakumar
Pharmacology Unit
AIMST University
Bedong
Malaysia
ISBN 978-3-319-15960-7 ISBN 978-3-319-15961-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15961-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937615
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The opinions expressed are those of the respective chapter authors and do not necessarily represent those
of their employers or the editors and their employers. The editors, publisher or any other party involved
in the preparation of this work are not responsible for any inaccurate or incomplete information provided
in this book. Readers should confi rm the accuracy of the information contained in the book from other
currently available sources considering the fact that the drug related information might change over the
time. The editors and publisher of this book do not undertake any liability for any inconvenience arising
from use of this book, either print or electronic media.
Printed on acid-free paper
Adis is a brand of Springer
S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
Pref ace
With the advance of modern civilization, the historical causes of death in human
populations such as war, drought, famine and the spread of microbes have been
replaced by a new wave of global killers: ‘non-communicable diseases (NCDs)’.
According to the World Health Organization report, NCDs kill 38 million people
each year, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) accounting for most NCD deaths
(17.5 million deaths, or 46.2 % of NCD deaths). Urbanization, industrialization,
globalization and a larger ageing population have amplifi ed the role of NCDs in
global mortality and morbidity. NCDs affect both men and women, devastating both
rich and poor nations alike, although more people in poor nations are more likely to
die as they lack access to lifesaving medicines. In the past, we tussled against nature
to combat communicable diseases; now, it is a battle against the lifestyles, dietary
habits and indulgences of human nature to combat these NCDs, of which one
important battlefront is to prevent, delay and effectively treat CVDs and promote
global cardiovascular health.
W hile we are acquainted with a lot of information about CVDs and relevant
treatment strategies, we still need to know more about current advances in CVD
patterns, pathophysiology, diagnosis and pharmacotherapy. In addition, there is a
constant stream of newly approved medicines entering the pharmaceutical drug
market necessitating periodical updates in drug information to meet the rational use
of drugs. We have attempted to collate here the knowledge of experts in different
aspects of CVDs. This effort has been an innovative collaboration of global clini-
cians and scientists with the goal of advancing our thinking and testing new
approaches to combat CVDs. Keeping these principles in mind, our authors have
narrated the basic understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of the cardio-
vascular system, its regulation, and its excessive indulgence or over-activation caus-
ing an imbalance in the neural and hormonal systems to release harmful factors/
chemicals changing the integrity of the cells, tissues and organs to precipitate
disease(s). Applying the fi ndings from these studies, treatment algorithms were
generated by the authors, giving detailed descriptions of complex cellular mecha-
nisms of drug action for the CVDs described in each chapter.
v
vi Preface
The book has eight major sections comprising 62 chapters. The emphasis is
clinical, covering all key areas such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy and
c ardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia,
h ypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, valvular heart diseases and cardiovascular
c onditions of childhood and pregnancy. Emerging areas of cardiovascular therapies
such as cell and gene therapy, microRNA therapeutics, biomarkers, devices and
mechanical approaches to control diseases are presented in addition to classic
pharmacologic and therapeutic approaches. The editors are greatly indebted to all
authors and co- authors for the expert write-up of their respective chapters in a fi eld
that is dynamic and ever growing.
O ur objective is to provide meaningful guidance in understanding and treating
CVDs. This book is not just a database of therapeutics for CVDs. This book is
p articularly intended for pharmaceutical, biomedical and health science
p rofessionals. We have tried our level best to make the subject contents interesting
and thought provoking. This book offers an opportunity for readers to keep
abreast of recent advances in the practice of cardiovascular medicine. We sincerely
welcome comments and suggestions from readers.
W e are grateful to Dr. Amitabh Prakash, Editor of C linical Pharmacokinetics
and the A merican Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs for having initiated the project
and for his timely advice in the preparation of the book. We are also pleased to
acknowledge the indispensable role played by Ms. Lorna Venter-Lewis, Ms. Ursula
Gramm, Mr. Gurunadham Prasad and Mr. PremLal Prejith of Springer in the prepa-
ration of this book.
The opinions expressed in the book are those of the respective chapter authors
and do not necessarily represent those of the editors and their employers.
Silver Spring , MD , USA Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh
Bedong , Malaysia Pitchai Balakumar
Silver Spring , MD , USA Khin Maung-U
Contents
Part I Heart Failure
1 Heart Failure, Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tina Shah, Nicholas Palaskas, and Biykem Bozkurt
2 Cardiac Prevention Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
John W. McEvoy, Roger S. Blumenthal, and Erin D. Michos
3 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Leany Capote, Ruth Nyakundi, Brandon Martinez,
and Anastasios Lymperopoulos
4 Calcium Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology
and Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Nadjib Hammoudi and Djamel Lebeche
5 Sympathetic Nervous System Signaling in Heart Failure
and Cardiac Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Gaetano Santulli
6 The Parasympathetic Nervous System and Heart Failure:
Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Modalities
for Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Brian Olshansky, Renee M. Sullivan, Wilson S. Colucci,
and Hani N. Sabbah
7 Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure:
Underlying Mechanisms and Therapeutic Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Philip B. Adamson, Emilio Vanoli, and Eduardo Gronda
8 Pharmacological Management of Heart Failure
and Device Therapy in Heart Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Jens Jakob Thune and Finn Gustafsson
vii
viii Contents
9 Exercise in Heart Failure: Effectiveness Versus Safety . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Stuart D. Russell
10 Cardiac Muscle and the Troponins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Elizabeth A. Hausner
11 Circulating Cardiac Troponins as Specifi c Biomarkers
of Myocardial Damage: Clinical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Karen A. Hicks
12 Natriuretic Peptides and Biomarkers in the Diagnosis
of Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Nicholas Phreaner, Kevin Shah, and Alan Maisel
13 MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: From Pathogenesis
to Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Ioana Barb, Britta Vogel, Hugo A. Katus, and Benjamin Meder
14 MicroRNA Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Antoine Bril
15 Gene Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Michael G. Katz, Anthony S. Fargnoli, Andrew P. Kendle,
and Charles R. Bridges
Part II Cardiac Hypertrophy and Cardiomyopathy
16 Cardiac Hypertrophy and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:
Introduction and Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Roy Beigel, Robert J. Siegel, and Florian Rader
17 Myocardial Metabolic Abnormalities and Cardiac Dysfunction . . . 325
Petra C. Kienesberger
18 Molecular Targets in the Treatment
of Cardiac Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Christian Kuhn, Susanne Hille, and Norbert Frey
Part III Coronary Heart Disease
19 Acute Coronary Syndromes: Introduction and Pathophysiologic
Classifi cation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Kjell Nikus and Yochai Birnbaum
20 Pathophysiology and Management of Myocardial Infarction. . . . . . 397
Mahmoud H. Abdou, Niels Engberding, and Nanette K. Wenger
21 Pathophysiology and Lifetime Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
and Coronary Artery Disease in Women and in the Elderly. . . . . . . 425
Stacy Westerman, Niels Engberding, and Nanette K. Wenger
Contents ix
22 Medical Management of Chronic Stable Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
John D. Parker
23 Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndrome and Unstable Angina. . . . . 467
Daniel M. Shivapour and A. Michael Lincoff
24 Drug-Eluting Stents and Coronary Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Eliano Pio Navarese, Mariusz Kowalewski,
and Michalina Kołodziejczak
Part IV Atherosclerosis and Hyperlipidemia
25 Atherosclerosis, Introduction and Pathophysiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Kazuyuki Yahagi, Harry R. Davis, Michael Joner, and Renu Virmani
26 Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis:
Role of Nitric Oxide System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Estelle R. Simo Cheyou and Ashok K. Srivastava
27 Cardioprotective Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids Through the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Kayode A. Balogun and Sukhinder K. Cheema
28 Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease:
Hypolipidemic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Antonio M. Gotto Jr. and Henry J. Pownall
29 Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Polypill Concept. . . . . . 613
Prem Pais, Deepak Y. Kamath, Alben Sigamani, and Denis Xavier
Part V Hypertension
30 Hypertension: Introduction, Types, Causes, and Complications . . . . 635
Yoshihiro Kokubo, Yoshio Iwashima, and Kei Kamide
31 Pathophysiology of Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Michel Burnier and Grégoire Wuerzner
32 Blood Pressure Genomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Georg B. Ehret
33 Hypertension and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . 695
Marcelo Rizzatti Luizon and Valeria Cristina Sandrim
34 Role of Gi Proteins in Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Yuan Li and Madhu B. Anand-Srivastava
35 Sympathetic and Renin–Angiotensin Activity
in the Pathophysiology of Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Adrian Covic and Liviu Segall