Pathology of the Cervix PDF
Preview Pathology of the Cervix
Essentials of Diagnostic Gynecological Pathology Series Editors: Naveena Singh · W. Glenn McCluggage C. Simon Herrington Editor Pathology of the Cervix Essentials of Diagnostic Gynecological Pathology Series Editors Naveena Singh London, UK W. Glenn McCluggage Lebanon, UK The Essentials of Diagnostic Gynecological Pathology series is sponsored by the British Association of Gynecological Pathologists. These lavishly illus- trated books cover the pathology of the wide but sometimes rare range of conditions involving this area. The volumes in this series are written to be useful diagnostically to general as well as specialist gynecological histopa- thologists and pathologists in training. Gynecologists, oncologists, derma- tologists, genitourinary physicians and cancer nurse specialists will find expert insights here that will help in the treatment and counselling of their patients. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10115 C. Simon Herrington Editor Pathology of the Cervix Editor C. Simon Herrington University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK Essentials of Diagnostic Gynecological Pathology ISBN 978-3-319-51255-6 ISBN 978-3-319-51257-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51257-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941256 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface It is a great privilege to edit this volume on cervical pathology as part of the series of books on gynecological pathology. The structure of the book is simi- lar to other volumes in the series, beginning with a discussion of normal structure, in this case focusing particularly on the cervical transformation zone and the putative cells of origin of neoplastic cervical lesions. Cervical disease is dominated by the effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) infec- tion, and the content of the book reflects this, with both a specific chapter on HPV and discussion of HPV and its relationship to cervical lesions in several of the other chapters. Chapters on cervical screening and the management of cervical cancer are followed by sequential treatment of benign, preinvasive, and invasive squamous and glandular lesions of the cervix, both HPV- and non-HPV-related. The final chapters focus on mesenchymal and mixed tumors, and other neoplasms including neuroendocrine tumors. Appendices outlining specimen handling, tumor staging, and the use of frozen section diagnosis are also included. I am extremely grateful to the chapter contributors for their excellent con- tributions. Thanks go also to the publishers, who have seen the project through to completion. Finally, I would like to thank the series editors for asking me to edit this volume, which I hope will be of value to those who read it. Edinburgh, UK C. Simon Herrington v Preface to the Series Over the last few decades, the study of cervical cancer has elucidated not only mechanisms of oncogenesis but also the fantastic potential of an effective cancer prevention strategy. Given this knowledge, it is lamentable that this preventable cancer continues to afflict more than half a million women world- wide annually. More than three-quarters of all cases occur in low-resource nations, and in wealthier nations, there are striking differences between privi- leged and underprivileged areas. The differences in incidence are mirrored in mortality statistics, with far higher proportions of fatal cases in women who have never been screened. It is important therefore to continuously strive towards improving out- comes, starting with diagnostic accuracy. While the human papillomavirus (HPV) accounts for the vast majority of cervical cancers, recent years have also thrown light on the biology of the less frequent but generally more aggressive HPV-independent cancers which are mainly of glandular type. Advances in diagnostic adjuncts including biomarkers and efforts to standardize terminol- ogy and classification have the potential to improve diagnostic reproducibility. Disease outcomes have improved with newer treatment strategies designed to reduce the adverse effects of treatment and to promote fertility-conserving options, while clinical trials continue to address unanswered questions. The British Association of Gynaecological Pathologists (BAGP) was formed with the objectives to promote the health of women by the study of the pathology of gynecological diseases, to advance the knowledge and practice of gynecological pathology, and to improve the accuracy of patho- logical diagnosis. The BAGP fulfills these objectives through educational meetings, courses, collaborative projects, surveys, and posting of edu- cational material on its website (www.thebagp.org). Endorsement of this textbook series is part of its goal to promote accuracy and precision in diag- nostic gynecological pathology. It is with pleasure and pride that we present this third volume of the series. Gynecological pathology forms a major part of the workload of most histopa- thology laboratories. The female genital tract is complex, and the main inten- tion behind producing this series is to provide detailed information on specific areas in a compact and affordable format. We hope that this timely update will be of interest to trainee and consultant pathologists worldwide. London, UK Naveena Singh Belfast, UK W. Glenn McCluggage vii Contents 1 Development of the Uterine Cervix and Its Implications for the Pathogenesis of Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Anton H.N. Hopman and Frans C.S. Ramaekers 2 Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Kate Cuschieri and Ramya Bhatia 3 Cervical Screening: History, Current Algorithms, and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 John H.F. Smith 4 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Cervical Cancer: Current Practice and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Melanie E. Powell and Tim Mould 5 Benign Lesions of the Cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 C. Simon Herrington 6 Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Anne M. Mills and Mark H. Stoler 7 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Naveena Singh and Lars-Christian Horn 8 Endocervical Adenocarcinoma In Situ/Cervical Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Adenocarcinoma of the Usual Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Rosemary H. Tambouret and David C. Wilbur 9 Non-Human-Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Adenocarcinomas and Their Precursors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Yoshiki Mikami 10 Mesenchymal and Mixed Epithelial-Mesenchymal Neoplasms of the Cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 W. Glenn McCluggage 11 Other Cervical Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Martin C. Chang and Terence J. Colgan ix x Contents Appendix 1: Surgical Cut Up of Cervical Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Appendix 2: Dataset for Reporting Cervical Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . 247 Appendix 3: TNM and FIGO Staging of Cervical Carcinoma (ICD-O C53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Appendix 4: Frozen Section Analysis in Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . 257 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Contributors Ramya Bhatia, PhD, MRes, BSc University of Edinburgh, HPV Research Group, Division of Pathology, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK Martin C. Chang, MD, PhD Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada Terence J. Colgan, MD Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada Kate Cuschieri, BSc, PhD, FRCPath Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK C. Simon Herrington, MA, DPhil, FRCP, FRCPE, FRCPath University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK Anton H.N. Hopman, PhD Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands Lars-Christian Horn, MD, PhD University Hospital of Leipzig, Institute of Pathology, Division of Breast, Gynecologic and Perinatal Pathology, Leipzig, Germany W. Glenn McCluggage, FRCPath Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Department of Pathology, Belfast, UK Yoshiki Mikami, PhD, MD Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan Anne M. Mills, MD University of Virginia Health System, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, USA Tim Mould, MBBS, MA, DM, FRCOG Gynaecological Cancer Centre, University College, London Hospitals, London, UK Melanie E. Powell, MD, FRCR, FRCP Clinical Oncology, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK xi
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