Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics

505 Pages·2008·7.5 MB·English

by  Alicia Sanchez-Mazas

Past Human Migrations
in East Asia
This book examines the history of the peopling of East Asia, drawing upon the latest
evidence in genetics, linguistics and archaeology. It investigates the ways in which we
can detect migration, and its different markers in these fields of inquiry. Results from each
sphere of academic investigation are compared and reinterpreted in the light of evidence
from others. A methodological section reviews key issues in the integration of disciplines
and possible pitfalls in developing a synthesis of prehistory. Amongst many original
chapters, fresh contributions by Chinese archaeologists and geneticists present challenging
views on rice domestication and a reconstruction of the history of yak pastoralism in
Central Asia. A series of papers review the language phyla of the region, alerting readers
to current issues in their classification and inter relations. A further theme is that of the
Austronesian dispersal and controversies over the pattern of its expansion. Other chapters
focus on the West and North Asian regions from north-east India to Siberia and the role of
demography in driving linguistic and genetic variation. The book should be of great interest
to advanced students and researchers in all disciplines working on the prehistory of East
Asia and adjacent regions.
Alicia Sanchez-Mazas is Professor of Population Genetics at the University of Geneva,
where she chairs the Department of Anthropology. Her main interest is the study of human
genetic diversity and evolution. She has published many book chapters and papers, and
co-edited The Peopling of East Asia (2005).
Roger Blench is the Managing Director of a consultancy and research company, Mallam
Dendo Ltd, specialising in development anthropology, especially pastoralism. He has long-
term research interests in the interface of archaeology and linguistics, and has co-edited
diverse volumes, including Language, Archaeology, and the African Past (2006).
Malcolm Ross was Professor of Linguistics at the Australian National University until his
retirement in 2007 and is co-director of the Oceanic Lexicon Project. His interests include
the histories of Austronesian and Papuan languages. He was a co-author of The Oceanic
Languages (2002) and has published many articles on Australian and Papuan languages.
Ilia Peiros is Visiting Professor at the Santa Fe Institute, USA. His main interest is the
comparative linguistics of East and south-east Asia. He has published several books and
numerous articles. His current activity is to compile electronic etymological datab ases for
the Evolution of Human Languages project.
Marie Lin is the Director of the Transfusion Medicine and Anthropology Research
laboratory at the Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital and a professor at the Institute of
Forensic Medicine of National Taiwan University. She has published on blood groups,
HLA, mtDNA and theY-chromosome in Taiwanese aboriginal populations.
Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia
1 Imperial Tombs in Tang China, 618–907
The politics of paradise
Tonia Eckfeld
2 Elite Theatre in Ming China, 1368–1644
Grant Guangren Shen
3 Marco Polo’s China
A Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan
Stephen G Haw
4 The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China
“My Service in the Army”, by Dzengeo
Introduction, Translation and Notes by Nicola Di Cosmo
5 Past Human Migrations in East Asia
Matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
Edited by Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Roger Blench, Malcolm D. Ross, Ilia Peiros and
Marie Lin
Past Human Migrations
in East Asia
Matching archaeology, linguistics
and genetics
Edited by
Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Roger Blench,
Malcolm D. Ross, Ilia Peiros and
Marie Lin
First published 2008
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2008 Editorial selection and matter: Alicia Sanchez-Mazas,
Roger Blench, Malcolm D. Ross, Ilia Peiros and Marie Lin; individual
chapters the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-92678-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978–0–415–39923–4 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–92678–9 (ebk)
ISBN10: 0–415–39923–8 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–92678–1 (ebk)
Contents
List of plates viii
List of figures ix
List of maps xii
List of tables xiii
List of contributors xv
Obituaries xxiv
Preface xxviii
Acknowledgements xxx
List of abbreviations xxxi
Introduction 1
Methodological issues: linking genetic, linguistic and
archaeological evidence 3
ROGER BLENCH, MALCOLM R OSS, AND ALICIA SANCHEz-MAzAS
PART I
Archaeology and prehistory 21
1 Austronesian cultural origins: out of Taiwan, via the
Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia 23
PETER BELLWOOD AND EUSEBIO DIzON
2 Evidence for a late onset of agriculture in the Lower Yangtze
region and challenges for an archaeobotany of rice 40
DORIAN Q. FULLER, LING QIN, AND EMMA HARVEY
3 Livestock in ancient China: an archaeozoological perspective 84
JING YUAN , HAN JIAN-LIN, AND ROGER BLENCH
vi Contents
4 Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the
linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? 105
ROGER BLENCH
5 The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and
archaeological model 133
LAURENT SAGART
PART II
Linguistics 159
6 The integrity of the Austronesian language family:
from Taiwan to Oceania 161
MALCOLM ROSS
7 The Formosan language family 182
ILIA PEIROS
8 Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines 211
PAUL JEN-KUEI LI
9 To which language family does Chinese belong,
or what’s in a name? 219
GEORGE VAN DRIEM
10 Altaic loans in Old Chinese 254
SERGEI A. STAROSTIN, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY ILIA PEIROS
11 Comparing Japanese and Korean 263
ROY ANDREW MILLER
12 The speed of language change, typology and history:
languages, speakers and demography in North-East India 287
FRANçOIS J ACQUESSON
Contents vii
PART III
Genetics 311
13 The GM genetic polymorphism in Taiwan aborigines:
new data revealing remarkable differentiation patterns 313
ALICIA SANCHEz-MAzAS, LUDMILLA OSIPOVA, JEAN-MICHEL DUGOUJON,
LAURENT SAGART, AND ESTELLA S. POLONI
14 Maternal lineage ancestry of Taiwan Aborigines shared with
the Polynesians 334
JEAN A. TREJAUT, TOOMAS KIVISILD, JUN HUN LOO, CHIEN LIANG LEE,
CHUN LIN HE, CHEN CHUNG CHU, HUI LIN LEE, AND MARIE LIN
15 Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Tao-Yami and Batan islanders:
relationships with other Taiwanese aborigines 349
JUN HUN LOO, JEAN TREJAUT , CHEN-CHUNG CHU, AND MARIE LIN
16 A genetic perspective on the origins and dispersal of the
Austronesians: mitochondrial DNA variation from Madagascar
to Easter Island 356
ERIKA HAGELBERG, MURRAY COX, WULF SCHIEFENHöVEL, AND
IAN FRAME
17 A DNA signature for the expansion of irrigation in Bali? 376
J. STEPHEN LANSING, TATIANA M. KARAFET, JOHN SCHOENFELDER,
AND MICHAEL F. HAMMER
18 The effect of history and life-style on genetic structure of North
Asian populations 395
TATIANA M. KARAFET, LUDMILA P. OSIPOVA, AND MICHAEL F. HAMMER
19 Y-chromosome phylogeography in Asia: inferring haplogroup
origins and polarity of haplogroup dispersion 416
PETER A. UNDERHILL
20 Understanding yak pastoralism in Central Asian Highlands:
mitochondrial DNA evidence for origin, domestication and
dispersal of domestic yak 427
XUE-BIN QI, HAN JIANLIN, ROGER BLENCH, J. EDWARD O. REGE, AND
OLIVIER HANOTTE
Index 443
Plates
1.I Red-slipped bowl sherds decorated with friezes of circle-stamped
meanders, from Sunget
1.II A selection of Taiwan nephrite artifacts recovered in 2005 from Anaro
5.I The AN settlement of Taiwan with the Malayo-Polynesian and
Tai-Kadai migrations
7.I Lexicostatistical classification of Formosan languages
8.I Map of the dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan
12.I Schematic representations of language groupings
13.I Map of Taiwan showing GM haplotype frequencies and plot of
the gene diversity in each Aboriginal population
13.II Multidimensional scaling analysis among 113 populations from
Southeast Asia based on GM frequencies
14.I Tree drawn from a median-joining network of 96 mtDNA haplotypes
observed in nine indigenous Taiwanese populations
14.II Most parsimonious tree reconstruction relating Taiwanese aboriginal,
Asian and Oceanian complete mtDNA sequences of haplogroup B4a
15.I Median-joining networks of three major haplogroups (F, B, E) in nine
indigenous Taiwanese populations and Batanes from the Philippines
15.II Phylogenetic tree of nine indigenous Taiwanese Populations, Batan
and other populations of Asia
16.I Map of Madagascar showing the ethnic groups and the composition of
maternal (mtDNA) and paternal (Y chromosome) types.
16.II Map of the Pacific showing the frequency of mitochondrial DNA
haplogroups
17.Ia Median-joining microsatellite networks for haplogroup O-M95 in
Gunung Kawi in older subaks
17.Ib Median-joining microsatellite networks for haplogroup O-M95 in
Gunung Kawi in younger subaks.
Figures
1.1 Pottery from Torongan and Reranum caves 30
1.2 Vessel rims from Sunget. Dotted lines indicate red slip 32
1.3 A graph to show Austronesian dispersal distance 36
2.1 A phylogenetic representation of modern rice cultivars and wild
populations based on SINE genetics 43
2.2 A scatter plot of length and width of grains measured in modern
populations 46
2.3 Rice husk lens in situ during Hemudu excavations 48
2.4 The idealized evolutionary spectrum from pure foraging to
agriculture based on domesticated crops 52
2.5 Rice panicle maturation and harvest yields assuming wild type
grain shedding 55
2.6 Chart of japonica rice grain metrical development in terms of length,
width and thickness measures 56
2.7 Graph of grain length and width over the course of development 56
2.8 Counts of rice find types from Kuahuqiao 58
2.9 The proportions of rice grains and spikelets within given shape
ranges based on length-to-width ratios 59
2.10 A scatter plot of grain measurements from selected Neolithic sites 6 0
2.11 Size increase in Lower Yangzte rice phytoliths 62
2.12 A concentration of acorns at the base of pit H27 at Hemudu 63
2.13 Plan of dug features of early paddy fields from Caioxieshan, late
Majiabang period (4500–4000 bc) 68
2.14 A synthetic chronology of Neolithic China 71
3.1 Complete skeletons of cows excavated at Shantaisi
(Longshan culture), zhecheng county, Henan Province 87
3.2 Pigs and human buried together at Xinglongwa 90
3.3 Group of animal skulls excavated from a house at Xinglonggou 90
3.4 Pig skull with an artificial hole in the forehead 91
3.5 Significantly twisted dentition of pig jaw excavated at Kuahuqiao 92
3.6 A pit with one carriage and two horses at Yinxu, Anyang city, Henan
Province 97
3.7 A pit with two horses at Yinxu, Anyang city, Henan Province 98