Passive, active, and digital filters

690 Pages·2006·19.616 MB·English

by  Wai-Kai Chen

PASSIVE, ACTIVE,
AND DIGITAL FILTERS
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
PASSIVE, ACTIVE,
AND DIGITAL FILTERS
Edited by
Wai-Kai Chen
University of Illinois
Chicago, U.S.A.
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7277-1 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7277-3 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005049927
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Passive, active, and digital filters / edited by Wai-Kai Chen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-7277-1 (alk. paper)
1. Electric filters, Digital. 2. Electric filters, Passive. 3. Electric filters, Active. I. Chen, Wai-Kai, 1936-
TK7872.F5P375 2005
621.3815'324--dc22 2005049927
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
As circuit complexity continues to increase, the micro-electronic industry must possess the ability to
quickly adapt to market changes and new technology through automation and simulations. The purpose
of Passive, Active, and Digital Filters is to provide in a single volume a comprehensive reference work
covering the broad spectrum of filter designs, from passive to active to digital. The book is written and
developed for the practicing electrical engineers and computer scientists in industry, government, and
academia. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in the field.
Over the years, the fundamentals of the field have evolved to include a wide range of topics and a
broad range of practice. To encompass such a wide range of knowledge, the book focuses on the key
concepts, models, and equations that enable the design engineer to analyze, design, and predict the
behavior of large-scale systems that employ various types of filters. While design formulas and tables are
listed, emphasis is placed on the key concepts and theories underlying the processes.
The book stresses fundamental theory behind professional applications. In order to do so, it is rein-
forced with frequent examples. Extensive development of theory and details of proofs have been omitted.
The reader is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience. However, brief reviews
of theories, principles, and mathematics of some subject areas are given. These reviews have been done
concisely with perception.
The compilation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication and efforts of
Professors Larry P. Huelsman and Yong-Ching Lim, and most of all the contributing authors. I wish to
thank them all.
Wai-Kai Chen
Editor-in-Chief
v
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Editor-in-Chief
Wai-Kai Chen, Professor and Head Emeritus of the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the
University of Illinois at Chicago, is now serving as Academic
Vice President at International Technological University. He
received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering at
Ohio University, where he was later recognized as a Distin-
guished Professor. He earned his Ph.D. in electrical engineering
at the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign.
Professor Chen has extensive experience in education and
industry and is very active professionally in the fields of circuits
and systems. He has served as visiting professor at Purdue Uni-
versity, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chuo University in
Tokyo, Japan. He was Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits
and Systems, Series I and II, President of the IEEE Circuits and
Systems Society, and is the Founding Editor and Editor-in-
Chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers. He
received the Lester R. Ford Award from the Mathematical Asso-
ciation of America, the Alexander von Humboldt Award from Germany, the JSPS Fellowship Award from
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Ohio University Alumni Medal of Merit for Distinguished
Achievement in Engineering Education, the Senior University Scholar Award and the 2000 Faculty
Research Award from the University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from
the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign. He is the recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal, the
Education Award, the Meritorious Service Award from IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the Third
Millennium Medal from the IEEE. He has also received more than a dozen honorary professorship awards
from major institutions in China.
A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Professor Chen is widely known in the profession for his Applied Graph Theory
(North-Holland), Theory and Design of Broadband Matching Networks (Pergamon Press), Active Network
and Feedback Amplifier Theory (McGraw-Hill), Linear Networks and Systems (Brooks/Cole), Passive and
Active Filters: Theory and Implements (John Wiley), Theory of Nets: Flows in Networks (Wiley-Interscience),
and The VLSI Handbook (CRC Press).
vii
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Advisory Board
Leon O. Chua
University of California
Berkeley, California
John Choma, Jr.
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Lawrence P. Huelsman
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
ix
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
Philip E. Allen Joseph B. Evans Jaime Ramirez-Angulo
Georgia Institute of Technology University of Kansas New Mexico State University
Atlanta, Georgia Lawrence, Kansas Las Cruces, New Mexico
Rashid Ansari Igor Filanovsky Hari C. Reddy
University of Illinois at Chicago University of Alberta California State University
Chicago, Illinois Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Long Beach, California
Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio
Andreas Antoniou Norbert J. Fliege
Texas A&M University
University of Victoria University of Mannheim
College Station, Texas
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Mannheim, Germany
Tapio Saramäki
Benjamin J. Blalock I-Hung Khoo
Tampere University of Technology
The University of Tennessee University of California
Tampere, Finland
Knoxville, Tennessee Irvine, California
Rolf Schaumann
Bruce W. Bomar Stuart S. Lawson Portland State University
The University of Tennessee University of Warwick Portland, Oregon
Tullahoma, Tennessee Coventry, England
José Silva-Martinez
A. Enis Cetin Yong-Ching Lim Texas A&M University
Bilkent University National University of Singapore College Station, Texas
Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey Singapore
L. Montgomery Smith
Wai-Kai Chen Wasfy B. Mikhael The University of Tennessee
University of Illinois University of Central Florida Tullahoma, Tennessee
Chicago, Illinois Orlando, Florida
F. William Stephenson
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
A. G. Constantinides Stephen W. Milam
State University
Imperial College RF Micro-Devices
Blacksburg, Virginia
London, England Carrollton, Texas
Sawasd Tantaratana
Artice M. Davis Truong Q. Nguyen
Sirindhorn International Institute
San Jose State University University of California
of Technology
San Jose, California San Diego, California
Pathumthani, Thailand
Meng Hwa Er P. K. Rajan Xiaojian Xu
Nanyang Technological University Tennessee Tech University Imperial College
Singapore Cookeville, Tennessee London, England
xi
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table of Contents
1
General Characteristics of Filters Andreas Antoniou.......................................1-1
2
Approximation Artice M. Davis...........................................................................2-1
3
Frequency Transformations Jaime Ramirez-Angulo..........................................3-1
4
Sensitivity and Selectivity Igor Filanovsky.........................................................4-1
5
Passive Immittances and Positive-Real Functions Wai-Kai Chen................5-1
6
Passive Cascade Synthesis Wai-Kai Chen..........................................................6-1
7
Synthesis of LCM and RC One-Port Networks Wai-Kai Chen.....................7-1
8
Two-Port Synthesis by Ladder Development Wai-Kai Chen.........................8-1
9
Design of Resistively Terminated Networks Wai-Kai Chen...........................9-1
10
Design of Broadband Matching Networks Wai-Kai Chen...........................10-1
11
Low-Gain Active Filters Philip E. Allen, Benjamin J. Blalock, and
Stephen W. Milam....................................................................................................11-1
12
Single-Amplifier Multiple-Feedback Filters F. William Stephenson.............12-1
13
Multiple-Amplifier Biquads Norbert J. Fliege..................................................13-1
14
The Current Generalized Immittance Converter (CGIC) Biquads
Wasfy B. Mikhael.....................................................................................................14-1
15
Higher-Order Filters Rolf Schaumann..............................................................15-1
xiii
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
16
Continuous-Time Integrated Filters Rolf Schaumann..................................16-1
17
Switched Capacitor Filters José Silva-Martinez and Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio......17-1
18
FIR Filters ..............................................................................................................18-1
18.1 Properties of FIR Filters Meng Hwa Er..............................................................................18-1
18.2 Window Techniques Meng Hwa Er...................................................................................18-6
18.3 Design of FIR Filters by Optimization Andreas Antoniou, L. Montgomery
Smith, Bruce W. Bomar, Yong-Ching Lim, and Tapio Saramäki........................................18-16
19
IIR Filters...............................................................................................................19-1
19.1 Properties of IIR Filters Sawasd Tantaratana....................................................................19-1
19.2 Design of IIR Filters Sawasd Tantaratana.......................................................................19-10
19.3 Wave Digital Filters Stuart S. Lawson..............................................................................19-33
19.4 Lattice Filters Yong-Ching Lim.........................................................................................19-56
20
Finite Wordlength Effects Bruce W. Bomar.....................................................20-1
21
Aliasing-Free Reconstruction Filter Bank Truong Q. Nguyen......................21-1
22
VLSI Implementation of Digital Filters Joseph B. Evans..............................22-1
23
Two-Dimensional FIR Filters Rashid Ansari and A. Enis Cetin.....................23-1
24
Two-Dimensional IIR Filters A. G. Constantinides and Xiaojian Xu.............24-1
25
Symmetry and 2-D Filter Design Hari C. Reddy, I-Hung Khoo, and
P. K. Rajan...............................................................................................................25-1
xiv
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1
General Characteristics
of Filters
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................1-1
1.2 Characterization.................................................................1-3
The Laplace Transform • The Transfer Function
1.3 Time-Domain Response....................................................1-6
General Inversion Formula • Inverse by Using Partial Fractions •
Impulse and Step Responses • Overshoot, Delay Time, and Rise
Time
1.4 Frequency-Domain Analysis...........................................1-10
Sinusoidal Response • Graphical Construction • Loss Function
1.5 Ideal and Practical Filters................................................1-14
1.6 Amplitude and Delay Distortion....................................1-15
1.7 Minimum-Phase, Nonminimum-Phase, and
Allpass Filters...................................................................1-16
Minimum-Phase Filters • Allpass Filters • Decomposition of
Nonminimum-Phase Transfer Functions
1.8 Introduction to the Design Process................................1-20
The Approximation Step • The Realization Step • Study of
Imperfections • Implementation
1.9 Introduction to Realization.............................................1-22
Andreas Antoniou Passive Filters • Active Filters • Biquads • Types of Basic Filter
University of Victoria, Canada Sections
1.1 Introduction
An electrical filter is a system that can be used to modify, reshape, or manipulate the frequency spectrum
of an electrical signal according to some prescribed requirements. For example, a filter may be used to
amplify or attenuate a range of frequency components, reject or isolate one specific frequency component,
and so on. The applications of electrical filters are numerous, for example,
• To eliminate signal contamination such as noise in communication systems
• To separate relevant from irrelevant frequency components
• To detect signals in radios and TVs
• To demodulate signals
• To bandlimit signals before sampling
• To convert sampled signals into continuous-time signals
• To improve the quality of audio equipment, e.g., loudspeakers
• In time-division to frequency-division multiplex systems
1-1
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC