Parts of Classes

164 Pages·1991·2.525 MB·English

by  David K. Lewis

PartosCf l asses
DaviLde wis
Witahn a ppenbdyi x
P. A.P .
John Burgess, Hazen,
andD aviLde wis
BasBilla ckwell
Copyr©i gDhatviLedw 1i99s1
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BasBilla ckLwtedl l
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BasBilla ckIwnecll.,
3C ambdrgiCee nter
CambirdgMea,s sasceht0ut24s12 U,S A
Alrli grhetrssve eEdx.c efoprtt h qeu ottiaoonfs hoprats sfaogtreh se
purspeoosfc riticirsemv inaeonwp d,a rotft hpiuslb icamtaiybo en
reprodsutcoeridena,d retsryisetveatmlr, a notsrtm eiidna, n foyr mo r
bya nmye anesl,e cit,crm oenchalnp,ih coatoopcyirnegc,o rodri ng
othesreww,ii thtohupetr ipoerr misosfti hpoeun b lisher.
Exceipntt h Uen tieSdt aotfeA sm ericab,o oitkssh o ilssduj betcott he
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hiroeudto ,ro thercwiirsceu wliattheodu t thep rpiucoborln isisenhn et r's
anfoyr mo fb indoircn go voetrh tehrat nh iantw hiicihtps u bliasnhde d
withaos uitm icloanrd iitnicolnut dhicinosgn dibteiioinnmg p osoend
thseu bseqpuuerncth aser.
BritisCha tLailibonrg.auPriuynDb gal tiac ation
A CIPc atalroegcuofoerr d tbhoiosika s v ailfarbotlmhe Be r tiish
Library.
LiborCfao rnygC raetsasil Ponug bilniDgca attai on
LewiDsa,v iK.d
Parotfcs l asDsaeivsdL/ ewis.
p. cm.
Inclbuidbegslr iaophriecfearle nces.
ISB0-6N3 1-176515 -I-SB0-6N3 1-71656(-pXb k.)
1S.e tth eor2y.W. h olaen pda n(sP hilosIo.p hTyi)t le.
QA248.L149981
511.3'2c22-0d 89-49771
CIP
Typeisne1 t2o n 1 p4tB embo
byG raphiTcyrpsaeeftt tLetrdHs.o ,n g Kong
PrniteidnG reat BbryBi itlalsi&i n Sn ognLst dW.o,r cester
QA 248 .L48 1991
Contents
Preface
Vll
1 T�kinCgl asAspeasr t 1
1.1F usiaonnCdsl asses 1
1.2C lasasnetdsh eSiurb classes 3
1.3A rteh earneoy t hPearr otfCs l sases? 6
1.4T heN ull Set 10
1.5C onsequoeftn hcMeea siT nh esis 15
1.6M orRee definitions 17
1.7S ethaonoPddr opCelra sses 18
1.8A Mapo fR eality 19
1.9 21
NominalSieTstht eiocRr eyv isited
2 TheT rouwbilteCh l asses 29
2.1 29
MysterSiionugsl etons
2.2V anI nwagTeunQ 'usqou e 35
2.3O nR elattihoaGntes n erate 38
2.4Q uinoenU r elemaennSdti sn gletons 41
2.5T heL asHsyop othesis 42
v
Contents
2.6 Ramsiyfi nogu tt heS ingleFtuonnc tion 45
2.7 Metaphystioc stR hees cue? 54
2.8 Credo 55
3 A Framewoforrk S etT heory 61
3.1 Desiderfoart aaF ramework 61
3.2 PlurQaula ntification 62
3.3 Choice 71
3.4 Mereology 72
3.5 Striofvee Mre reology 75
3.6 CompositaisoI nd entity 81
3.7 DistinctoifSo inzse 88
4 SetT heorfoyr Mereologists 93
4.1 TheS izoef R eality 93
4.2 MereolzoegdiA rithmetic 95
4.3 FourT heseRse gained 98
4.4 SetTh eorRye gained 100
4.5 OrdinaArryi thmeatnidMc e reologized
Arithmetic 107
4.6 What'isna N ame? 109
4.7 IntermedSiyasttee ms 112
4.8 CompletenoefMs esr eologized
Arithmetic 113
AppendoinxP airing 121
byJ ohPn. B urgeAs.Ps .,H azen,
anDda viLde wis
Index 151
VI
Preface
Theriesm ore mereoilnos getyth eortyh awne usually think.
Thep artosfa c laasrsee xacttlhyes ubclasses (efoxrc ept that,
thipsu rposteh,en ulsle sth oulndo tc ounats a clasTsh)e.
notioonfa s ingleotrou nn,i ste tc,a ns ervaest he distinctive
primitoifvs ee tth eorTyh.e r esitsm ereoloag cyl:a issst he
fusioonf i tssi nglestuobnc lasssoemse,t hiinsag m embero fa
claisffsi tssi ngleitspo anr otf t hactl asIsfw. e axiomatsiezte
theorwyi tshi ngleatspo rni mit(iavded etdoa no ntologically
innocefrnatm eworko fp luraqlu antificaatnidom ne reo­
logyo)u,r a xiomfso r' singlectloons'er leys embtlheeP eano
axiomfosr 'succesFsroorm't .h esaex iomwse, canr egain
standard isteettrh aetoirvye.
Alast,h en otioonf a singlewtaosnn eveprr operelxy­
plainteadl:ok f c ollecmtainnygi ntoon ed oenso ta ppltyo
one-memberseedt asn,d i nfa cti ntroduucseo sn lyt ot he
mereoloignsy e tth eorIyw .o ndehro wi ti sp ossifobrlu es t o
understtahnedp rimitniovtei oonf s ingleitofin n,d eewde
really do.
InM arc1h9 89a,f tetrh ibso okw asm ostlwyr ittIel ne,a rned
belatetdhlayit t msa int heshiasd b eena nticipiantt ehde
vu
Preface
'ensetmhbeloeor fHy a'r rCy.B untH.e1s ayassI,d ot,h at
thteh eoorfpy a ratn wdh olaep pltioce lsa stsheasstu; b classes
arteh pea rotfcs l asasnehdse ,n tcheas ti ngl-eutnoicntls a sses
l
-arteh mei nimpaalro tfcs l asasnetdsh ;ag ti,v tehnte h eory
ofp aratn dw holteh,em ember-sirnegllaettioonn may
replace memberassht ihpper igmeintneiorvtaeiolo fsln ey t
theoTrhye.ri ess omsei gnifidciaffnetrfr eonmct eh set art,
sinBcuen atc ceap ntusli ln diviadnudra elj ects individual
I
atomBsu.tt h meo riem pordtiaffnetr cenocmleeas t ienmr y:
I
discuosfst hipeoh ni losocpohnisceaqluo eftn hcmeea sit nh e­
siasn,id n o uqru idtieff erweanyotsffo rmulasteittnh ge ory
withaim ne reologicalI t frhaimtnehkwe iordsrei k ff.e rence
enoutgojh u fsytr ieteltlhsietn ogr y.
Latienr1 98I9h ada notshuerrp rIli esaer.hn oewdw ec an,
ine ffecqtu,ai nftoyv erre latwiiotnhsob uetn eofiftt h ree ­
sourocfse estt h eo(rAylw.le n eeidst hfrea mewoprlku:r al
quantifiacnadmt eiroeno lJooghyPn.. B) u rgdeisssc overed
onwea yt od oi tA;.P .H azedni scovade irffeedr weanyIt.t
wasn otq uittoelo a tteoa dda na pepndijxo,i nwtrliyt ten
witBhu rgaensdsH azeinn,w hicthh emseet hoadrspe r e­
sentaendad p plTiheedyo. p etnh wea yt oan ew' structuralist'
interproefst eattth ieooonrn wy h, icthhp er imintoitvioeof n
singlveatnoinsa hnedms y w orraibeoswu hte thietir sw ell
undersvtaonoitdso ho .
Goonde wbsu;nt o atfu laln swteomr y w orriTehses. e t
theoorfty h fuet urmea yg os tructuirfia tll iiksBetus,tI.
canv'etrw ye lslat yh astet th eowrayis m pltilscyti ructuralist
alall onegv,eb ne fortehd ei scovweerrmieae dse otpheante d
1 HarrCy.B unMta,s s TearnmdsM odel-TheoSreemtainct( iCcsa mber idg
UnirvseiPtrye 1s89s5,p) p,.5 3-722,3 33 0.1
vm
Preface
thwea y.T hes etth eoorfty h per esewnhti ch mtehaen s
bulokfp resenmta-tdhaeyim casrt esotnst hper imitive
notioofsn i nglIesitr too nt.ti enin tfo su ndatIid oanrn?eo t
make atchcauts laitgi!hoP tnhl iyloesrwoshp ohr epudailalt e
thatth ey cuandnenrostth aanvvdee roytf egno naes tray.
Maybmey w orriemsis gauriemd aeydb;se o mehIok wn,o w
nohto ww,e h avuene drstoomde mtbheiern -gslreetloant ion
(anwdi tihmt e mbersgheinpe rwaellellny o)u gh aIlfl along.
s,os tructuiarsr a elails ms toola nuu tniroena l problem, and
wem ight agso waoesbnl e lfo re.
Theb oorke flemcyti sn decIiw shiionnag.tle e ngatbho ut
thper imitive noti(osne co2tf.i 1obs)nui, ttn h geIln e ton
moctkh opshei loesrwoshp oh retfuots aekm ea theimcaasst
thefiyn d (iste c2t.i8oT)nh. eb oomko sytp lreoecds ru nde
thweo rkiansmgsp utitohnas ti ngliestl oeang mi aettp irimi­
tinvoet iBounat.l isptor estehnsett sr uctaulrtaelrniaistnti ve,
2.6
sectiaonnd t hiaenp pen(dWihxa.st a'tisad k gis ningleton
asp riimtiwvieln loi tna ncya sgeo wtaos tAel.l but section
4.6
admiotfss t ructruerianltiaestrti.p oSr)nret utcturiasl ism
atl eaavs rety w elcofamlel bBaucItkw .o ulmduc hp reeraf
gooadn swteorm yw orraibeospu tri imtisvien gnl,se ot o
thIac to uilnd o gdco onsctiaekmneca et hemaasItfi incidst .
It hanaklt lh owsheo havhee lpbeydd iscuosfst ihoins
matereisapilea,clD l.My . A rmtsrgo,nD onaBladx tPearu,l
Benac,eG reroarBfgoeo lPohsi,lB lriipcJ koehrPn,.B uregss,
M. J.C ressJweenlln,iD fearv eon,rH artFriye lAd.P, .
HazeDna,n iIesla a,cM saornJko hnsGtroanh,a Omp py,
HilaPruyt naWm.,V .Q uinDee,ns i Robniso,nB ary r
TaylaonrPd,e tvearIn n wa.g etInh aNnakn cEyt chemendy
forp repatrhifieng ugr eisnt haep penIda imxi .n debted
tot hMee lboeu SrnemantGircosu wph,e rteh imsa terial
1984;
wasfi rsptr eseinnt edt oS tarndfoU niverwshietrye,
IX
Preface
am ore devveelrospwieaodspn r eseanstt eh1de9 8K8a nt
LectutroHe asr;v aUrndi verfosrir teys,e saurpcphuo nrdte r
aS antayFaenlal owisn1h 9i8pa8 n;dt ot hBeo ycGei bson
MemorLiiablr ary.
DaviLde wis
Princeton1,9J9a0n uary
x
1
TakinCgl assAepsa rt
1.1 FusioannsdC lasses
Mereoloigsty h et heoroyft her elatoifop na rtto w holea,n d
kindrneodt ionOsn.e1 o ft heskei ndrneodt ioinsst haotf
a mereologicalofrus suimo:n ,t he whole ocfos mopmoes ed
givepna rts.
Thefu sioonf a lcla tisst halta rgsec,a ttecrheudn okf c at­
stuwffh icihsc omposoefda ltlh ec attsh eraer ea,n dn othing
elsIeth. a sa lcla tassp artTsh.e raer oet hetrh intghsa hta vael l
catass p artBsu.t t hec at-fusiisot nh el eassutc thh inigt:i s
incluadsea dp aritna nyo threo ne.
Itd oehsa ve otphaerrtt so oa:l cla t-paarrteps a rotfsi tfo,r
inasntcec at-whisckaetr-sc,e clalts-,q uaFrokrsp .a rthoiosd
transiwthiavtee;v iespr a rotf a c aits t herepbayr otfa p arotf
theca t-fusiaonnds, om ust ibtesp ealroftf t hcea t-ifuosn.
Thec at-fushiaosns tioltlh epra rtWse. c ounitta sa p arotf
its:ea lnif mperrpoa prat p,a ritd entitcota hlew holeB.u ta lso
1 Sees ecti3o.nas4n d3 .fo5r furthedri scussoifmo enr eology.
I